英语语法与固定搭配总笔记
从时态、从句到固定搭配的一份复习型整理
这篇文章整理自本地 Word 笔记《英语总笔记》和《固定搭配》。我把原文中零散的语法点、例句、表格和固定搭配重新归类,统一成适合复习的 Markdown 结构;个别明显拼写、术语和标点问题也一并修正。
复习路线
- 先看“时态与语态、主谓一致、非谓语、从句”,建立句子骨架。
- 再看“倒装、虚拟语气、情态动词、特殊句型”,补齐考试常见结构。
- 最后集中背“词语辨析、词汇整理、固定搭配”,把表达落到具体用法。
目录
- 时态与语态
- 现在时
- 完成时
- 进行时
- 过去式
- In / by / for 时间表达
- 主谓一致
- be 动词与主语对应
- 就近原则
- 就远原则
- 数量表达与谓语单复数
- 非谓语动词
- 非谓语基本形式
- 不定式 to do
- 动名词 doing
- 分词与独立主格
- 非谓语时态、语态与否定
- 从句
- 主语从句
- 定语从句
- 状语从句
- 强调句与形式主语
- 时间状语从句
- reason 相关句型
- of + 关系代词
- 倒装
- 部分倒装与全倒装
- as / though 让步倒装
- 反义疑问句
- so / neither / nor 倒装
- have / has 用法辨析
- 疑问句、感叹句与否定句
- 虚拟语气
- 数词
- 基数词表达法
- 倍数表达法
- 倍数句式
- 形容词比较级与最高级
- 分数表达
- 生日表达
- 情态动词
- 推测、义务、禁止
- can / could
- 情态动词表推测
- 情态动词表请求
- 易混与特殊单词
- look 相关用法
- 常见规律
- 特殊句型
- there be
- no matter / so that / the reason is that
- too … to / such … that / so … that
- both / either / neither / all / none
- of 和 for
- 词语辨析
- 主动形式表被动意义
- 词性
- 动词
- 介词
- 祈使句
- 名词
- 代词
- 副词和形容词
- 连词成句
- 词根词缀
- 作文表达
- 短语表
- 词汇整理
- 月份、词汇与补充考点
- 固定搭配
- to do / doing 对比
- take turns
- doing 类搭配
- to do 类搭配
- worry about / be worried about
- take / bring / cut
时态与语态
现在时
一般现在时常用于:
- 习惯性行为,或题目中没有明显时态提示词。
- 汽车、飞机等时刻表。
- 客观真理。
主将从现、主情从现、主祈从现
主句是将来时、情态动词或祈使句时,状语从句常用一般现在时表示将来。
例句:
- I will take you up when …
- I should take you up if …
- Please turn off your phone if …
主语是祈使句时,从句用一般现在时:
- Please make sure that you lock the door before leaving.
- 离开前请确保锁好门。
常见从句类型
时间状语从句
- 引导词:as soon as, when, after, before, until, once
- She will call me when she gets home.
- 她到家后会给我打电话。
- I will call you as soon as I finish my work.
- 我一完成工作就给你打电话。
- Before they drive any of the buses, they will have to pass a special test.
- 然而在驾驶公共汽车前,他们必须通过专门测验。
条件状语从句
- 引导词:if, unless, provided that, as long as
- I will help you if you need me.
- 如果你需要我,我会帮助你。
让步状语从句
- 引导词:whatever, whoever, wherever, whether … or not
- Whatever happens, I will support you.
- 无论发生什么事,我都会支持你。
完成时
- for+时间段(for many years) 多少年以前
- since+时间点(since 2023)
- by the time (by the end of last year)
- so far 到目前为止
- up to now 到目前为止
- yet 到目前为止
- many times(three/four/five times)
- it is + 序数词 + time + that
- in /over the past time(补充)
- recently /recent years
already 译为:已经,常用于完成时。
Large quantities of money have been spent on their son’s college tuition already, resulting
in their piles of debts.
大量的钱已经花在了他们儿子的大学学费上,导致了他们债台高筑。
Never 当表示到目前为止从未发生过的事情,用在现在完成时中:
I have never been to Japan. (我从未去过日本。)
现在完成时:过的事情,对现在的影响.
过去完成时:过去的过去:过去的过去的事情,对过去的影响。
例一
I realized that I had left my backpack at home. 我意识到我把背包忘在家里了。
背包忘在家里了这件事 在我意识到之前发生,所以是过去完成时。
例二
We _____ (had been/were) busy with our work for months, so we went to the beach to enjoy ourselves."
主句是:We _____ busy with our work for months(我们忙于工作好几个月)
影响的结果是 so we went to the beach to enjoy ourselves(所以我们去了海滩放松)
例三
Mary ________ several competitions. She becomes more confident.
A.wins B.is winning C.has won D.will win
玛丽赢了几场比赛,她变得更加自信了。重点是描述:过去发生的事对现在产生影响
It was the first time that + 主语+had done:过去完成时。
It is the first time that +主语+ has/have:现在完成时。
例题
It was the first time that he had thought up such a good idea. (think)
Since +过去的时间/ 一般过去时态的句子,主句 现在完成时态
Since 2018, I have lived in Wuhan; Since I met you, I have felt happy.
since + did, have/has done
例题
It has been four years since John set up this IT company.
进行时
- 感官动词 Look! Listent
- 表示某一刻 now ,at the moment,at persent,
- When+瞬间动词(突然的动作)
at that moment 过去进行时态
at this time tomorrow 将来进行时
at this time yesterday 过去进行时态
表示正在发生的趋势用进行时:
more and more adj.”,表示“越来越受怎么样”,是一个正在变化的趋势,常与进行时态连用,尤其是现在进行时(be doing),因为它强调某种趋势正在发生。
Laptops as well as computers are becoming more and more popular in daily work.
过去式
the other day 前几天,一般过去时
just now, three days ago, yesterday, the other day, last month
In 的时间表达
In+一段过去的时间 In the past few years. 现在完成时
In+一小段时间 In three hours 一般将来时
In+年份 根据具体的年份判断使用一般过去/将来
by 的时间表达
by +过去的时间(单词或句子),=> 句子使用过去完成时
by+现在的时间(单词),=> 句子使用现在完成时,(主将从现)
by the time +现在的时间(句子)构成时间状语从句 => 主句则使用将来完成时
by+将来的时间(单词或句子) => 句子使用将来完成时
By + 现在,have/has done;by+过去,had done;
by+将来 will have done //By the time +do, will have done
By the time I arrive at the airport, they will have left for Beijing.
By the time I finish my homework, my parent will have left (have left; will have left).
for + 时间段
for+时间段:观察从句,判断是否结束
发生的动作在后面句子表示现在已经结束 => 一般过去时间
当动作持续到现在还未结束 => 用现在完成时。
all day yesterday, all morning yesterday, all morning last week => 过去进行时
Peter was studying (study) all day yesterday. 彼得______昨天一整天都在(学习)。
The morning 过去时 evening 将来时
过去完成时 过去的过去 发生的事情,句子中应该有表示过去时的提示词,并根据时间发生的先后顺序,让其发生在过去的过去,且与过去要有一定的时间间隔。
主谓一致
be 动词与主语对应
Doing(动名词) / He/she + is/was
I am/was
就近原则
- not only…but also…
- not…but…
3.or
4.either…or….
5.neither…nor…
- there be
- here be
就远原则
- as well as
- together/along/combined with
- with
- rather than
- except
- besides
- but
8.including
- in addition
数量表达与谓语单复数
- 谓语前 and 前后两种职业或身份,前面只有一个 the 是单三,前后各一个 the 为复数。
- The + 姓氏复数,代表一家人,谓语不是单三:The Greens are
- 动名词(doing)也是单三
- 时间(years),金钱(dollars),距离 单三
- more than/ no+one, each/every+可数名词,many a+名词:其谓语通常要用单数
little 不可数:几乎没有
a little 可数:有一点
few 可数:几乎没有
a few 可数:有一点
much 修饰不可数
many 修饰可数
some
a lot of 可数不可数皆可
a number of 大量,非单三
the number of ..的数量
a series of + 复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数
an amount of + 不可数:许多 ,谓语 单三
amounts of + 不可数:许多 谓语 非单三
分数/most/all/more/some/any/half/the rest…(of + 名词/代词)” 作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于 of 后面的名词或代词
one of the+复数名词+定语从句:
1.one 之前没有 the only, the very 等修饰,其后定语从句的谓语动词使用复数形式。
He is one of the students who have passed the exam.(他是通过考试的学生之一。)
She is one of the teachers who teach English.(她是教英语的老师之一。)
·
2.one 之前有 the, the only, the mere, the very 等修饰,其中的定语从句通常被认为是修饰 one 的,若引导定语从句的关系代词在定语从句中作主语,则定语从句的谓语动词通常用单数形式。
He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.(他是唯一通过考试的学生。)
This is the very one of the books that is worth reading.(这是唯一值得读的书。)
非谓语动词
非谓语基本形式
定语/状语:不定式,分词 主谓宾:动名词,不定式
不定式:to do 表目的和将来
动名词:doing 可当名词使用
分词:现在分词:doing 主动,进行。过去分词:ed 被动,完成。
变化规律:不定式由于前面有 to,所以 to 后面和正常时态变化一致,而其它却将最前面当头的加上了 ing,无论是 be 变成了 being,还是 have 变成了 having
主被动:being done
to be done
完成:having done
被动完成:have been done
事情未做:是目标或将来的动作:
to do
被动:to be done
完成:to have done
被动完成:to have been done
事情做了:
主干:
动名词:doing
被动:being done
定语状语:
进行,主动:现在分词:doing
被动:being done
完成:having down
被动完成:having been done
被动,完成:过去分词:done
只能用不定式(to do)
被修饰的词是 the why, 抽象名词(opportunity,chance,ability),序数词
被修饰的词被 the only,最高级,序数词
只能接 to do 的动词
这些动词后面必须用 “to do” 形式,不能用动名词或分词:
- agree, aim, arrange, afford, ask, beg, choose, claim
- decide, demand, desire, hesitate, dare, determine, expect, fail
- hope, help, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend
- promise, refuse, volunteer, want, wish, would like, would love
文中给出的例句展示了这些动词的正确用法,例如:
- He decided to work harder this year.
- She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
- He managed to save the little girl in time.
- Most teachers couldn’t refuse to help the poor students.
- His friends promise not to let him alone.
- If you have any problems, don’t hesitate to ask for advice.
这些动词大多表示计划、意图、决定、希望等抽象概念,所以用不定式(to do)来表达这些概念更自然。例如,“decide to work harder”表示一个明确的决定和计划,
/ Many people are deprived of for lack of job opportunities /
只能用 doing 作宾语
常见 doing 宾语动词
- advise, suggest, discuss, practice, allow, permit
- appreciate, enjoy, finish, burst out
- can’t resist, can’t stand, can’t help
- consider, deny, avoid, miss, escape, forbid
- imagine, mind, delay, postpone, risk, bear, tolerate, ban
有些以介词结尾的动词词组也只能用 doing 形式作宾语,如:
- admit to, be accustomed to, be used to, contribute to, devote to
- confess to, get down to, look forward to, stick to, object to
- pay attention to, when it comes to, submit to
- accuse sb. of, aim at, apologize to sb. for
- be fond of, be responsible for, believe in, depend on, dream of
- feel like, give up, keep on, insist on, persist in
- prevent from, put off, succeed in, think of, thank sb. for, worry about
- be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)
例句:Nobody will risk being killed. 没有人会冒被杀的风险。
例句:I can hardly imagine spending so much money on a coat like that. 我很难想象花费那么多钱买一件那样的外套。
天气、时间允许都是用主动 permitting:
Weather permitting, the foreign guests will visit the Panda Base.
天气允许的话,这些外国客人将会参观大熊猫基地。
Time permitting, we will discuss this later.如果时间允许,我们稍后讨论这个问题。
To one’s + 情感名词
To my surprise, he passed the exam.(令我惊讶的是,他通过了考试。)
To their delight, the team won the championship.(令他们高兴的是,这支队伍赢得了冠军。)
非谓语时态、语态与否定
非谓语的时态:
非谓语动词本身不能直接表示现在、将来和过去,在表示时态意义时是以句中谓语动词发生的时间为参照的“相对时间”概念:
非谓语动词动作在谓语动词之前发生表示“完成”;
非谓语动词动作作和谓语动词同时发生表示“进行”;
非谓语动词动作在谓语动词之后发生表示“将来”;
非谓语动词动作在谓语动词之前发生且一直持续到谓语动词作的时间表示“完成进行”。
辨析 1:
过去分词的 “done"作伴随状语主要表示被动,在时间上可与谓语动词一致,也可表示(但不侧重于表示)先于谓语的时间;
having done(having been done)则在时间上显然先于谓语。
1、时间上,状语动作先于谓语发生,则状语用完成体(having done/ having been done),状语动作与谓语无明显先后顺序,则用非完成体(v-ing/ v-ed);
2、逻辑上,主语是状语动作的发出者,则状语用主动态(v-ing/ having done),主语是状语动作的承受者,则状语用被动态(v-ed/ having been done)。
辨析 2:(太好用了)
当非谓语动词的动作发生在主句动词之前且与主句主语存在主动关系时 having done;
当非谓语动词的动作发生在主句动词之前且与主句主语存在被动关系时 having been done.
当非谓语动词的动作发生在主句之后,且与主句主语存在主动关系时用 to do;
例题
1.____(separate)for millions of years, Australia now has many species that can’t be found in other place of the world.
数百万年来,澳大利亚现在有许多在世界其他地方找不到的物种
1.先判断主被动,Australia 是被 separate。
2.判断状语这个谓语动词的动作的和主句谓语的动作先后顺序,且两个动作间隔了一段时间。
从句一般有提示词,for three year
当两动作先后顺序差不多,或相隔时间很短或连续,主动 doing,被动 dong.
当状语中非谓语动作明显先于主语的谓语动作,就用 having done
句子状语中非谓语明显先于主句的谓语动作,所以是 having been done
- ___(live) in Beljing for 10 years,Tom can now speak fluent Mandarin
- Tome 主动 live(住)
- live 住这个动作很多年前,先于谓语
- having lived
3.___ (admit) by his ideal university,Liu Tao studied harder than ever before.
为了了考上理想中的大学,刘涛比以前更加努力学习。
admit 录取发生在 studied 之后,就要用 不定式 to do
分词与独立主格
当两个分句的主语相同时:可以省略第二句的主语,将其谓语改成非谓语,实际状语的主语在为主句的主语,第二句成为状语。
You are very good at playing basketball and you are very tall.
你非常擅长打篮球,你长得也很高。
You are very good at playing basketball, being very tall as well.
你非常擅长打篮球,长得也很高。”
当两个分句的主语不同时:不能省略主语,但后面可以改成非谓语,
即独立主格结构:名词或代词+一个非谓语动词/其他形容词、副词
“你非常擅长打篮球,你的爸爸长得也很高。”
You are good at playing basketball, your father being(is=>being) very tall, too.
非谓语的否定:not+ 非谓语
非谓语的否定是将否定词放在动名词前面。(your not coming)
Done 与 being done 的被动较量
Children, if ______(left/being left) alone in the public, will become easy targets for criminals.
如果孩子们在公共场所被留下,他们就会成为犯罪分子的目标。
The children are being left alone in the room while their parents talk outside.
孩子们被单独留在房间里,他们的父母在外面谈话。
结论:being left 时被动进行,要有进行时态的提示词,have done 也是要完成时态的提示词
个人总结:只观察从句是否有完成时和进行时的提示词,完成前面加 having,进行 being,被动 been
从句
同位语从句:解释抽象名词,且从句和主句完整,用 that(抽象名词:idea)
主语从句
缺成分:that 不缺成分使用
What: ..的东西,..的事情..所说的,多代替宾语
Who:充当主语,代指人 whom::充当宾格
Whoever:无论谁,充当主语,代指人(靠翻译)
Which:哪一个
不缺成分:
that because 因为 whether(是否 or not 连用)
if 如果(不能出现在句首,不与 or not 连用,不用于介词后)
where 在..地方 why 为什么 how 如何,多么 when 当..时候
定语从句
定语从句:what 不引导定语从句,that 缺成分用
缺成分:
修饰人:who 主(有时可当宾语,但前无介词) whom 宾
that(主/宾) As 可在句首,名词后,引导非限 与 such 连用
先行词为 those,someone 等代词多用 who
As is known to everyone, China is a developing country.
修饰物:which that
不缺成分:
where 修饰地点,包括抽象地点 when 时间 why..的原因
介词+which 物 whom 人 whose,介词靠把先行词放在后面搭配
Whose 前后所属关系,谁的谁
whom 和 sho:
Many young people, most of ______(who/whom) were well-educated.
这里是定语从句,但虽然是做主语,但在介词后面只能 whom
当主语是由 “what” 引导的从句时,谓语动词应该与从句中的主语保持一致。
What the boy wants is a model aeroplane, and what his younger sister wants are some science books.”
Where:修饰地点,从句不缺成分,where (连接词)= in which (连接词)= in that place(句未)
实际地点:
Everyone says that Xinjiang is a good place where the land is rich and the water is clear.
Everyone says that Xinjiang is a good place in which the land is rich and the water is clear.
新疆是一个好地方,在那里土地肥沃,水源清澈。
抽象地点:
在某种情况/状态/阶段中:point,stage,situation,position,case,condition,address,scene(现场、场景)
We have reached a point where a change is needed. (我们到了必须改一改的地步。)
只能用 that 的情况:
- 先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词修饰时,the very,the only,the same。
- 先行词即有人又有物。
- 先行词是 the way。
- 先行词是不定代 all,few,much,none, ever(thing),no(thing) ,any(thing)。
- 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时。
只能用 which 的情况:
- 非限制性定语从句不能用 that,用 which.that 就像限定词,而 whice 为补充说明
- 句子中已经使用了 that 就用 which
- 介词后只能用 which
that 和 why 都不能引导非限制性定语从句
the way + in which / that / 不填:
I don’t like the way ________ (in which/where) you speak to her.
辨析:
当先行词是不定代词时候:
当不定代词指物(…thing):多用 that
当不定代词指人(_one):多用 who
·· What 不能引导定语从句
例题
All________ can be done has been done. A.what B.which C.that
由于这里是定语从句,what 不能用在定语从句,而 all 又是代词,所以这里用 that
状语从句
Because:应为 why: …的原因
If: 如果 unless:如果不,除非
although/ though 即使 However 虽然
As 作为,正如、当表示“虽然,尽管”引导让步状语从句时,句子要倒装
让步状语从句:在从句中可充当宾语等主干成分:
No matter How=however 不管如何/怎样,后面一般接程度,方式类意思的,为表示程度后面多接形容词、副词或动词。No matter how hard you try,无论你多么努力。
No matter How=whatever 不管是什么,后面接内容类意思的, 接名词或动词短语 No matter what you say,无论你说了什么。
No matter who=whoever 无论谁,用来指代不确定的人
No matter who=whomever 无论谁·,宾格
There is no possibility that
强调句
1 常见结构:
It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子剩余部分
- 举例说明:
- 原句:She bought the book yesterday.
- 强调宾语:It was the book that she bought yesterday.
- 强调主语:It was she who bought the book yesterday.
- 强调时间:It was yesterday that she bought the book.
注意:
- that 用于强调宾语、时间、地点等;
- who 常用于强调人做主语(但 that 也可以,有时是口语习惯问题)。
- 判断技巧:
如果一句话是 “It is/was… that/who…” 结构,并且去掉 It is/was 和 that/who 后,不缺成分,能还原成一个正常句子,那就是强调句。
形式主语
这时,“It” 是形式主语,真正的主语放在句尾,叫真正的主语(real subject)。
- 常见结构:
It + be + adj./noun + to do sth. / that…
It + verb + that… / to do…
- 举例说明:
- It is important to drink water every day.
- 真正的主语是 “to drink water every day”
- It seems that he is tired.
- 真正主语是 “that he is tired”
- It is a pity that you missed the meeting.
- 真正主语是 “that you missed the meeting”
时间状语从句
1.since 自从
It is/has been+一段时间+since 从句:自从……有(多久)
It is three years ___ (since/when) my grandparents began to learn photography.
自从我的祖父母开始学习摄影已经三年了。
2.when:当……时:大部分进行时。
I was reading a book when the phone rang.” (当电话响时,我正在看书。)
3.as soon as
A(主句)+ as soon as + B(时间状语从句)
当 B 从句事件一发生,A 主句事件就立刻发生 (两个动作时间间隔小)
可放在句首和句未,从句永远在 as soon as 后面
I will call you as soon as I finish my work. 我一完成工作就给你打电话。
4.while(当……时候)
表示两个动作同时发生,或者在某个时间段内另一件事发生。强调时间重合或伴随发生。
- I listened to music while doing my homework.
- 我做作业的时候听音乐。(两个动作同时进行)
- She was sleeping while I was reading.
- 她在睡觉的时候,我在读书。(同一时间,不同动作)
- Please don’t talk while I’m driving.
- 我开车时请不要说话。(强调开车期间不要干扰)
👉 重点是:动作 A while 动作 B ⇒ 两个动作同时发生或在同一时间段
5.before(在……之前):表示两个动作中,一个发生在另一个之前。强调时间顺序。
- Brush your teeth before you go to bed.
- 在你睡觉前要刷牙。
- Before you answer, think carefully.
- 回答前请仔细思考。
- I need to finish my homework before dinner.
- 我得在晚饭前完成作业。
👉 重点是:动作 A before 动作 B ⇒ A 先,B 后
例题
You need to turn off the lights in the room ________ (while/before) you leave for school.
这个句子更多,离开和关灯的先后顺序
而 before 更多的是强调这两件事件发生的时间段相同。而这里 离开后在路上的这个离家时间和关灯并不重合,而只是关灯后,发生离开这个时间段。
as if 好像、仿佛 表示一种虚拟或假设的状态,不是真的
in case 如果,以防万一 表示为了预防某事发生,提前采取措施
题目 10:
The doctor shares his phone number with the patients ________ (as if / in case) they need medical assistance.
万一他们需要医疗帮助,医生提前把电话号码给了他们。
provided that : 如果,只要
1.在这个条件,事件真实可发生:意为"只要",与 “if” 类似,that 是不可省略的
“We shall go provided that the weather is fine.” 只要天晴,我们就去。
- 表示与事实相反的虚拟语气, 意为"假如"、“假设”, that 可以省略。
Provided that he were here, we would begin the meeting.
假如他在这里,我们就开始开会。
例题
We will go to visit the Great Wall next year (unless/provided)we have enough money.
明年我们将去参观长城,如果我们有足够的钱,unless 是如果不,provided 是如果
Given that 考虑到,原因
Given that this is the first time you have made a mistake, I forgive you.
考虑到这是你第一次犯错误,我原谅你。
reason 相关句型
1.the reason why+成分完整的定语从句+is: ……的原因是
The reason why so many people caught the disease is still not clear.
这么多人感染这种疾病的原因仍不清楚。
The reason why he was late was that he got up late.
他迟到的原因是他起晚了。
2.The reason for which…+ 句子(Why=for which) ……的原因
The reason for which so many people caught the disease is still not clear.
这么多人感染这种疾病的原因仍不清楚。
3.the reason for + 名词/动名词(表示“……的原因”)
The reason for his being late was that he got up late.
他迟到的原因是他起晚了。名词短语:his(他的) being(动名词) late(形容词)
The reason for the failure was a lack of preparation.
失败的原因是缺乏准备。
4.he reason is that+表语从句:原因是……
The reason is that he got up late.
原因是他起晚了。
例题
The reason ________ (why/that) she explained to me for her absence was that she got stuck in the traffic jam.
她向我解释缺席的原因________(为什么/为什么)是她遇到了交通堵塞。
这里的定语从句缺成分,既 explained 后面没有宾语,所以这里不能用 why,只能用 that
of + 关系代词
介词 of+关系代词( which, whom)”的常见结构有:
1.the+名词+of+关系代词( which, whom),在此结构中的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系,which 指代事物,whom 指代人。
- This is the building, the roof of which is green.
这是那栋楼,它的屋顶是绿色的。
- He is a professor, the advice of whom is very helpful.
他是一位教授,他的建议非常有帮助。
2.表示部分的词汇( 不定代词 all, both, none, neither, either, some, any, many, most, few, several, enough, half 等)+of+关系代词( which, whom):
- which 指代事物,whom 指代人。
- I have two brothers, both of whom are doctors.
我有两个兄弟,他们都是医生。
- They have many books, some of which are very rare.
他们有很多书,其中一些非常稀有。
3.数词( 基数词,序数词,百分数,分数)+名词+of+关系代词( which, whom);
which 指代事物,whom 指代人。
- He has three sons, two of whom are in college.
他有三个儿子,其中两个在读大学。
- The company produced 1000 cars, 80% of which were sold overseas.这家公司生产了 1000 辆汽车,其中 80%销往海外。
- ④the+形容词最高级/比较级+of+关系代词( which, whom)。
which 指代事物,whom 指代人。
- This is the best book, the end of which is very touching.
这是最好的书,它的结局非常感人。
- He is the taller of the two boys, neither of whom studies very hard.
他是两个男孩中较高的那个,他们两个都不太努力学习。
- who 引导非限制性定语从句时,修饰的先行词只能指人,在从句中作主语或宾语,不可直接位于介词之后;
My mother, who is a teacher, is very kind.
我的母亲是一位老师,她非常善良。
- whom 引导非限制性定语从句时,修饰的先行词只能指人, 可以位于介词之后在从句中作宾语。
- The man, whom I met yesterday, is very friendly.
我昨天遇到的那个人非常友好。
- He is a writer, about whom I know very little.
他是一位作家,我对他知之甚少。
倒装
部分倒装与全倒装
部分倒装:将助动词提前
1.Be 动词(am,is are),助动词,动词 2.实义动词:添加 did/does/do(根据时态,单三,谓语要变原形)
- 句首有否定词:never, little , seldom, hardly, few, nowhere, scarcely, neither, nor, no longer, not untit, in no way,in no case, at no time,
- no sooner…than…, hardly…when…. 主过完,从过
- so+adj./adv. such+n. only+状语 though/as 在句首
全倒装:将谓语提前
- 地点状语在句首
- gone such 作表语或表语在句首
- 副词 there/here/now/then/out/in/up/down/away 位于句首,且主语不为人称代词
倒装一般使用一般现在时或一般过去时,很少使用进行时
As 作为,正如、当表示“虽然,尽管”引导让步状语从句时,句子要倒装
Neither 可选择倒装或者不倒装
neither/nor+be/助动词/情态动词/+主语
adj./V.原形/adv./n.+as/thought+主语+谓语
Poor as (although/ as) she was, she never accepted anything for nothing.
由于 Although 不倒装,所以 Although +句子 (句首)再句首表示虽然
由于 as 倒装,as 句中 表虽然
as / though 让步倒装
让步状语从句的倒装规则如下:
- 表语前置(主语+系动词结构)
- 状语前置
- 实义动词前置(助动词+主语+动词原形)
(1) 表语前置(主系表结构)
当从句的表语是形容词、单数可数名词或不可数名词时,可以提前到句首,而单数可数名词前不加冠词。
结构:表语 + as/though + 主语 + 系动词
- Child as he is, he knows a lot.(= Although he is a child, he knows a lot.)
- 虽然他是个孩子,但他懂得很多。
- “Child” 作为单数可数名词前省略了冠词 “a”。
- Cold as it was, we went out.(= Although it was cold, we went out.)
- 尽管天气很冷,我们还是出去了。
- Foolish as he is, he means well.(= Although he is foolish, he means well.)
- 尽管他很愚蠢,但他的本意是好的。
- 🚫 错误示例:
- ❌ A child as he is, he knows a lot.(冠词 “a” 不应出现)
(2) 状语前置
如果从句中有表示方式、原因、让步的状语(副词、介词短语等),可以将状语提前。
结构:状语 + as/though + 主语 + 谓语动词
- Much as I admire him, I can’t agree with him.(= Although I admire him a lot, I can’t agree with him.)
- 尽管我很钦佩他,但我不能同意他的看法。
- Try as she might, she couldn’t open the door.(= Although she tried hard, she couldn’t open the door.)
- 尽管她尽力尝试,但仍然打不开门。
- Hard as he worked, he failed the exam.(= Although he worked hard, he failed the exam.)
- 尽管他很努力,但还是考试不及格。
(3) 实义动词前置
如果从句中的谓语动词是实义动词,则需借助助动词(如 might、may、do、did)进行倒装,助动词置于句首。
结构:助动词 + 主语 + 实义动词原形
- Try as he might, he couldn’t fix the car.(= Although he tried hard, he couldn’t fix the car.)
- 尽管他尽力了,但还是修不好这辆车。
- Search as they did, they found nothing.(= Although they searched carefully, they found nothing.)
- 尽管他们搜索了,但什么也没找到。
- 🚫 错误示例:
- ❌ Try as he tried, he couldn’t fix the car.(不能重复使用 “tried”,需用 “might” 借助倒装。)
反义疑问句:http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/201905/5462.html
反义疑问句
结构:陈述句 +简短问句?
1.前肯后否,前否后肯.否定的词语除了 did,
2.后面倒装与助动词与前面保持一致
- 人称一致、时态一致
They went to the park yesterday, didn’t they? 他们昨天去的公园,是吗?
That isn’t your book, is it? 那不是你的书,是吗?
结构:祈使句 +简短问句?
陈述部分为否定 will you , 陈述部分为肯定 will/won’t you
Let us … ,will you? Let us help you, will you? 让我们帮助你,好吗?
Let’s … ,shall we? Let’s have a rest, shall we? 咱们休息一会儿,行吗?
否定词有用,否定前缀无用:
(1) 若陈述部分含有 seldom, hardly, never, few, nothing 等否定词或半否定词,其疑问部分要用肯定式:
He has few friends here, has he? 他在这儿几乎没什么朋友,是吗?
She said nothing, did she? 她什么也没说,是不是?
(2) 若陈述部分含有带否定前缀的词,疑问部分仍用否定式:
It is unfair, isn’t it? 这不公平,不是吗?
It is impossible, isn’t it? 那是不可能的,是吗?
so / neither / nor 倒装
so 和 neither/nor 的区别总结,后面倒装:
| 句型 | 含义 | 例句 |
| — | — | — |
| So + 助动词/系动词 + 主语 | 也(肯定) | A: I like apples. B: So do I.(我也喜欢。) |
| Neither/Nor + 助动词/系动词 + 主语 | 也不(否定) | A: I don’t like apples. B: Neither do I.(我也不喜欢。) |
回答:
无论是“前肯后否”还是“前否后肯”,都要根据实际情况来回答,重点判断前面的“陈述部分”。
如果陈述句是否定的,要先去掉否定词,再根据实际情况判断是肯定还是否定,
然后用合适的 Yes/No 或 So/Neither/Nor + 助动词 + 主语 来回答。
🔹 例句一:
You didn’t like it, did you?(你不喜欢它,是吗?)
Yes, I did.(是的,我喜欢。) So did I.(我也喜欢)
No, I didn’t.(不,我不喜欢。) Neither did I.
Nor did I.(我也不喜欢。)
🔹 例句二:
You liked it, didn’t you?(你喜欢它,是吗?)
Yes, I did.(是的,我喜欢。) So did I.(我也喜欢。)
No, I didn’t.(不,我不喜欢。) Neither did I.
Nor did I.(我也不喜欢。)
例题
I have never seen the interesting movie, have you?
—________ (Yes, I have/No, I haven’t). I wish to see it again.
- 首先先看问什么:先去掉后面的疑问句和前面的否定词
- Have you seen the interesting movie?你看过这个有趣的电影吗?
- 根据回答的 see it again 想再看一次,说明看过,则这里是 Yes, I have
have/has 除了在完成时中作为助动词外,“have/has”在其他情况下都是实义动词。以下是详细解释:
have / has 用法辨析
“have/has”作为实义动词的常见用法
- 表示“拥有”:
She has a car.(她有一辆车。)
- 表示“必须”:
Mary has to catch the early bus.(玛丽必须赶早班车。)
- 表示“吃/喝”:
They have lunch at noon.(他们中午吃午饭。)
- 表示“让/使”:
I have my sister call me every day.(我让我的姐姐每天给我打电话。)
“have/has”作为助动词的唯一情况
- 构成完成时:
She has finished her homework.(她已经完成了作业。)
They have been waiting for hours.(他们已经等了几个小时了。)
“have/has”在虚拟语气中的用法
- 在虚拟语气中,“have”仍然作为助动词使用,帮助构成完成时的虚拟结构:
If I had known, I would have told you.(如果我知道的话,我会告诉你的。)
I wish I had more time.(我希望我有更多时间。)
小结
- “have/has”作为实义动词:表示“拥有”、“必须”、“吃/喝”等具体意义。
- “have/has”作为助动词:仅用于构成完成时(包括现在完成时、过去完成时等)。
因此,除了完成时的助动词功能外,“have/has”在其他情况下都是实义动词。
所以:反义疑问句,除了看见构建时态的 have/has/had,后面也用 have/has/had 外,其它均用助动词 do/does/did
例题
Mary has to catch the early bus every morning, doesn’t she?
has to”中的“has”是实义动词(表示“必须”),而非助动词。
需借助助动词“do/does/did”。由于主语“Mary”是第三人称单数,且时态为一般现在时,应使用 doesn’t。
特殊疑问句
What/Who:
- 先将陈述句部分倒装,只有实义动词用 do(对应时态的 do/does/did)后单词要变成原形,
- 有 be(was,were)提前到主语前.谓语动词形式不变
- 将缺少的宾语用疑问词替代,
- What: 指代或修饰物,主/宾/表/定
- who:谁,人,主/宾/表,
- whom:谁,人,宾,(介词后只能 whom)
She bought a dress yesterday. What did she buy yesterday?
(她昨天买了一条裙子。) (她昨天买了什么?)
They found something in the cave last year. What did they find in the cave last year?
(他们去年在洞穴里发现了某物。) (他们去年在洞穴里发现了什么?)
He gave Mary a book. / What did he give Mary? / Who did he give a book to?
(他给了玛丽一本书。) (他给了玛丽什么?) (他把书给了谁?)
The main topic was history. What was the main topic?
(主要的话题是历史。) (主要的话题是什么?)
1Whom did you meet with yesterday? “whom”作为介词“of”或“with”的宾语
how 疑问句
- How:主要修饰 谓语动词,表示 “如何做某事”,即 动作发生的方式、手段或过程。
- How + 助动词 + 主语 + 谓语动词原形 + 其他部分?(翻译时候,放在谓语动作前)
- How does she learn English?(她是如何学习英语的?) 修饰 learn
- How did they solve the problem?(他们是如何解决这个问题的?)修饰 solve
- How do birds build nests?(鸟类如何筑巢?)修饰 build
- How does the machine work?(这台机器是如何运作的?) 修饰 work
- 询问看法,感受类(feel
- be /be doing):
How do you feel about it? 你对此有何感受?修饰 feel
How are you doing today? 你今天过得怎么样?修饰 are
How was the trip? 这趟旅行怎么样?修饰 was
- How + 形容词/副词:不是修饰动词,而是表达程度或方式。
How tall is he? 他有多高?
How fast can it run? 它能跑多快?
How well do you speak French? 你的法语说得有多好?
How far is the station? 车站有多远?
how much:通常用来询问价格或价值,
how many:用于询问数量。
how often:多久一次
how long:多长(时间或长度)
How far:多远
how old:多大年龄
how tall:多高
how heavy:多重
how deep:多深
how wide:多宽
how soon:多快(时间)
how fast:多快
How big:多大
How soon ➝ 询问 多久之后 发生,多快?(回答:“In + 时间”)
How long ➝ 询问 持续多久?(回答:“For + 时间”)
How often ➝ 询问 多久一次?(回答:“Once
Twice a week”)
How soon will the coffee be ready?( 咖啡多久之后会准备好?)
——In 5 minutes.( 5 分钟之后。)
选择疑问句
在句子中提供两个或多个选择项,通常用“or”连接。这类疑问句不以 yes 或 no 作答,而是要求在给出的选项中做出选择。
- 结构
(1)一般疑问句 + or + 另一种选择
结构:助动词 + 主语 + 动词 + 选项 A + or + 选项 B?
Do you prefer coffee or tea?(你喜欢咖啡还是茶?)
(2)特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句 + or + 另一种选择
结构:特殊疑问词(what, where, which, who, when, how)+ 一般疑问句 + 选项 A + or + 选项 B?
What would you like to drink, coffee or tea?(你想喝什么?咖啡还是茶?)
(3)动词不定式(to do)结构
结构:主语 + 谓语动词 + to do A + or + to do B?
Do you want to stay here or leave now?(你想待在这儿还是现在离开?)
- 回答方式
回答时一般不能用“Yes”或“No”,而是要直接选一个选项或用完整句子回答:
Do you like tea or coffee?
Coffee.或 I like coffee.或者 I prefer coffee.
感叹句
将表语提前的感叹句!!
How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语:表达对某事物或某人状态的强烈感叹
How beautiful she is! 她多么美丽啊!
How fast he runs! 他跑得多快啊!
What + (a/an) + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语
感叹某人或某事物的性质或特点,表达强烈的情感。
What a beautiful day it is! 今天真是美好的一天!
What an interesting book this is! 这本书真有趣!
如果是可数名词单数,则名词前要加 a/an,如果是名词复数或者不可数则可以不需要
并且主语前的这个名词前面可以加个形容词。
________ (What a/What) good time he had yesterday!
Time 作为时间来所是不可数的,但作为时光是可数的,例如 have a good time
否定句
- Be 动词后加 not
- 方法:在 be 动词后面直接加 not。
- 例子:
- He is here. → He is not here.
- 实意动词加助动词再加 not
- 步骤:
- 首先判断句子的时态。
- 根据时态选用正确的助动词 (do, does, did, will, have 等)。
- 将助动词变为否定形式(加 not)。
- 例子:
- He visited Beijing. → He didn’t visit Beijing.
说明:
- 一般现在时:采用 do/does。例如:
- They play football. → They do not/ don’t play football.
- 一般过去时:采用 did。例如:
- She visited the museum. → She didn’t visit the museum.
- 情态动词后直接加 not
- 方法:情态动词后直接加 not,构成否定。
- 例子:
- He should come here. → He shouldn’t come here.
在回答阅读理解问题时,需注意以下几点:
- 回答的首字母要大写。
- 每个回答句子的首个单词首字母必须大写(英文书写规则)。
- 完整句子作答,句末加句号。
- 不能只写单词或短语,必须用完整的句子回答。
- 英文句子末尾要加 句号 (.),如果是疑问句则加问号 (?)。
- 对 “why” 提问的题目,尽量用 “because + 句子” 回答。
- ❌ He was late.
- ✅ Because he missed the bus.
- 对 “when” 提问的题目,尽量直接使用时间状语回答。
- ❌ He went to bed.
- ✅ He went to bed at 10 p.m.
- 避免完全照抄原文
- 回答时应适当转换句式,提炼关键信息,而不是直接复制原文。
- 大小写规则:
- 句首字母 大写
- 专有名词(人名、地名、国家名等)大写
- 句中其他单词小写(除非是专有名词)。
疑问词回答技巧
| 疑问词 | 问题类型 | 回答方式 |
| — | — | — |
| What | 询问事物、内容 | 用名词或短语回答。例如:What is your name? – My name is Tom. |
| Where | 询问地点、位置 | 用地点状语回答。例如:Where do you live? – I live in Beijing. |
| When | 询问时间 | 用时间状语回答。例如:When does school start? – It starts at 8 a.m. |
| Why | 询问原因 | 用 “because + 句子” 回答。例如:Why are you late? – Because I missed the bus. |
| How | 询问方式、方法 | 用方式状语回答。例如:How do you go to school? – I go to school by bus. |
| Who | 询问人物 | 用人名或代词回答。例如:Who wrote this book? – J.K. Rowling wrote it. |
| Which | 询问选择 | 用名词短语回答。例如:Which color do you like? – I like blue. |
| How many/much | 询问数量 | 用具体数字或数量短语回答。例如:How many books do you have? – I have ten books. |
How many
How much 都问数量多少,但 How many +可数名词/ How much+不可数名词
例题
________ milk do we need to make a banana milk shake?
—One bag of milk is enough.
A.How often B.How long C.How many D.How much
虚拟语气
- It is suggested (requested, proposed, ordered) that + (should)+ do
- 命令:order
- 建议:suggest,advise, propose, recommend
- 要求:demand, ask, require, request, insist, command, desire
- 决定:decide,determine,
It is suggested that you ( should ) attend the opening ceremony. 有人建议请你出席开幕典礼.
例题:The headmaster required that all the teachers (be/would be) present at the meeting
解析:这个要求类,后面只能是 do 或者 should do 这两种,不能是其它。
- It is (was) + important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable) that +主语+ should + do
- It is impossible that he should go home. 他不可能会回家去。
- It is necessary that I should return it right now. 我有必要马上把它还回去。
- It is important that we should speah politely. 我们说话要有礼貌,这是很重要的。
- It’s hight/about/good+time+(that)+should do/( did/were) 是该做什么的时候
- It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, better) that should + do
- It is a pity that she should fare so badly. 她竟吃得这么差,真可怜。
- It’s a pity that he should be so obstinate. 真遗憾他竟这样倔犟。
- wish 希望/ as if 好像
- as though 仿佛
- 过去:had done
- 现在:did
- were
- 将来:would / should / could / might + do
- if only 要是/ would rather
- 过去:had done
- 现在/将来:did
- were
- but for / but that / otherwise / without 多用 would
- 过去:would / should / could / might have done
- 现在/将来:would do
省略 if+虚拟语气+倒装: 省略了 if 不好分辨,就要看 had done, have done 等等词语
- Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time.
- Albert Einstein often stressed to interviewers that his accomplishments would certainly have been achieved by others, Had he never lived.
- 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦经常向采访者强调,如果他活着,他的成就肯定会被别人取得。
数词
基数词表达法
- 百、千、百万、十亿等说一个具体的数值, 加数字时要写单数(billion)
- 2 billion/two billion + 名词复数
- millions of 意思是数以百万 是个笼统的概念时,要用复数(millions)
- Hundreds of,thousands of+ 名词复数
在某人几十多岁时:in one’s +整数的复数,in his forties. 在四十多岁时
倍数表达法
- 一倍: once
- 两倍: twice/double
- 三倍或三倍以上的数: 用 times 表示倍数,即“基数词+times”结构, 例如:
- 三倍:three times,
- 四倍:four times
- 五倍:five times
倍数句式
- A+倍数+as+形容词/副词(原级)+as+B (***as 和 as 之间是原级)
- A+倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than+B
- A+倍数+the size/length/weight…+of+表示比较对象的名词
Double 不参与三种固定句式,它单独使用。
I got a double salary this month.(这个月我拿到了双倍工资。)
形容词比较级与最高级
原级 比较级 (-er 或 more) 最高级(-est 或 most)
比较级和最高级变化规则
happy happier happiest
successful more successful most successful
单音节词(一般直接加 -er
-est):高的 tall | taller | tallest
以辅音 + y 结尾的词(变 y 为 i,加 -er
-est):高兴的 happy | happier | happiest
以短元音 + 辅音结尾的词(双写最后一个字母 + er
est)大的:big | bigger | biggest
多音节词(在前面加 more
most):成功的 successful | more successful | most successful
以 -e 结尾的词(直接加 -r
-st):大的 large | larger | largest
不规则变化
good / well -> better-> best
bad / ill -> worse -> worst
little- > less -> least
many / much - > more - > most
far - > farther / further- > farthest / furthest
注意:more 和 er/ier 只能出现一个,most 和 est/iest 只能出现一个
Good adj. 好,良好的 (修饰名词) well adj,健康的/adv.好(修斯动词)
例题一:
– You don’t look very________. Are you ill?
— No, I’m just a bit tired.
A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy
Look good 长得漂亮
Look well 看起来健康
例题二:
The car is old, but it still runs very _______.(good/ well)
这里修饰修饰 run,用副词。
The book sell well
1)The+比较级,the+比较级 越…样,越..样 The soon , the better
The faster you throw an object in the sky, the ______ it goes.
A. The more high B. the more higher C. the higher
2)one of the 最高级 复数
» He is one of the most famous artists in the world.
他是世界上最著名的艺术家之一。
3)比较级+than;as/so+adj.+as 原级
4)very+原级;much, far, a lot, a little +比较级
越来越…,比较级:
单音节形容词 “er and er”:
Stronger and stronger
多音节形容词"more and more":
More and more beautiful
Day by day I am getting better and better.
我在一天天地好转。
always + the + 最高级 + 名词” 是一个常见结构,表示“总是最……的之一”。
She is always the busiest person in the office. 她总是办公室里最忙的人。
例题
For the elderly, chatting with a grandchild is always __ the happiest ____ thing, after all.
A.happy B.happier C.happiest D.the happiest
对于老人来说,和孙子聊天毕竟是最快乐的____事情。
有比较意义但无比较级形式的形容词: 有-ior 结尾,只能用 to 不能同 than
inferior, superior, senior, junior, prior 优先的,posterior 较后的 等形容词本身带有比较含义,
因此不能再使用 -er 或 more 形式构成比较级。to" 进行比较,不能用 than:
基本含义
| 形容词 | 含义 | 例句 |
| — | — | — |
| inferior to | 比……差/低级 | This product is inferior to the previous model.(这个产品比上一代差。) |
| superior to | 比……优越 | This system is superior to the old one.(这个系统比旧的更优越。) |
| senior to | 比……年长/级别高 | He is senior to me in rank.(他的职级比我高。) |
| junior to | 比……年幼/级别低 | She is junior to me by three years.(她比我小三岁。) |
| prior to | 先于…… | The meeting took place prior to lunch.(会议发生在午餐之前。) |
例题
This kind of material is far superior _____ (to/than) the one produced in the old factory.
这种材料比那家老工厂生产的要好得多
much,far,a litle,a bit,slightly,a great/good deal,a lot,rathereven,still 等词或短语修饰,表示程度:
This book is much more interesting than that one.(这本书比那本有趣得多。)
He is far taller than his brother.(他比他兄弟高得多。)
She is a great deal more experienced than him.(她比他有经验得多。)
This car is a lot faster than the old one.(这辆车比旧车快很多。)
This task is even more difficult than I thought.(这个任务比我想象的还要难。)
This room is a little larger than that one.(这个房间比那个房间稍微大一点。)
She is a bit more confident now.(她现在自信了一点。)
“数词+名词”构成的短语修饰,表示确定的度量:
例如:This rope is two meters longer than that one.(这根绳子比那根长两米。)
例题 1:
Our office is ____(much/more) larger than theirs 我们的办公室比他们的大得多
由于 more 是和双音节词组成比较级,而这里的 large=>larger 有 er,已经是比较级了。而 much 是可以修饰比较级的,加强比较级的程度。
例题 2:
This book is _________(more / much) interesting than that one.
interesting 有三个音节,不能直接加 “-er”,需要用 “more” 构成比较级:
- 正确:more interesting
- 结构:more + 形容词 + than + 比较对象
- 注意:much 是加强语气的副词,可以修饰比较级,但不能单独构成比较级。
例题 3:
Of all the teams in the NBA, I think the Los Angeles Lakers played ______ (most/more) successfully this year.
most 最高级,三者以上,more 比较级,两者比较,这里 in the NBA 这里肯定三者以上,其次 most 修饰副词 successfully 不加 the,当后面名词加 the
比较级表示最高级:
- 比较级 + than any other + 单数名词 比其他任何一个都更……
- It is believed cheetahs run faster than any other amimals.
- 人们相信猎豹比其他任何动物都跑得快。
- 比较级 + than all the other + 复数名词 比所有其他……都更……
- He is taller than all the other players on the team.
- 他比队里其他所有的球员都高。
any 任何,任何句型均可使用 You can choose any color. 你可以选择任何颜色。
any 一些,否定句和疑问句 I don’t have any money.
Do you have any questions?
例题 4:
English at the end of the 20th century was more widely spoken and written than________language. (2021 真题)
A.one other B.many other C.some other D.any other
than ever 与 than ever before 前面用比较级:
Noise pollution has become ________ than ever before. We must do something to stop it.
A.serious B.more serious C.most serious D.the most serious
36.The doctors can make you_____________ than before.
A.feel better B.feel well C.feeling better D.to feel well
分数表达
- 基数词+in+基数词:one in ten = 1/10
- 基数词+序数词(s) :three fifths (当分子大于 1,分母加 s)
生日表达
当前面已经有所有格限定词(如 my / your / his / her)时,不加 the:
- on my fifteenth birthday.在我十五岁生日时,
- on my first birthday.在我一岁生日时,
- It will be my fifteenth birthday next Sunday.下星期天是我十五岁生日。
情态动词
推测、义务、禁止
- must be → 表示“(根据证据)一定是……”高度确定的推测
- ✅The lights are on. They must be at home.(推测:灯亮着,他们一定在家。)
- should be → 表示建议、义务(不能用于推测某事是真的)
- ✅You should eat more vegetables.(建议:你应该多吃蔬菜。)
- can’t be →根据逻辑,客观的不可能性,”不可能是……”猜测或推测
- ✅He can’t be the thief. He was with me the whole time.(推断:他不可能是小偷,他一直和我在一起。)
- mustn’t be → 表示“命令或禁止,不能,不允许(做某事)”,主观的必要性,不适用于推测,无前后 逻辑。
- ✅You mustn’t park here.(你不能在这里停车。)
l think she must find Alan’s friend her pencil box
He ___________ (can’t/mustn’t) be at home. He’s ill and is staying at the hospital.
Lucy didn’t come to school today. l think she ___________(must/should)be ill.
🔹 推测/可能性类
| 情态动词 | 含义 | 例句 | 备注 |
| — | — | — | — |
| must be | (根据证据)一定是…… 高度确定的推测 | ✅ The lights are on. They must be at home. (灯亮着,他们一定在家。) | 说话者有 很强的理由 相信这是真的 |
| can’t be | 不可能是……(基于事实推测) | ✅ He can’t be the thief. He was with me the whole time. (他不可能是小偷,他一直在我身边。) | 表示 客观不可能性,有证据支持 |
| may/might/could be | 可能是……(可能性较低) | ✅ He might be at home, but I’m not sure. (他可能在家,但我不确定。) | 语气比 “must be” 弱,表示可能性 |
🔹 义务/建议类
| 情态动词 | 含义 | 例句 | 备注 |
| — | — | — | — |
| should be | 应该是……(建议/道义上的正确性) | ✅ You should be more polite. (你应该更有礼貌。) | 表示建议、责任或预期 |
| ought to be | 应该是……(语气比 “should” 更正式) | ✅ You ought to be careful with your words. (你应该謹慎用词。) | “ought to” 和 “should” 用法相似,但 “ought to” 更正式 |
| had better be | 最好是……(带有警告/劝告的语气) | ✅ You had better be on time for the meeting. (你最好出席会议。) | 否则可能会有 负面后果 |
🔹 禁止/不允许类
| 情态动词 | 含义 | 例句 | 备注 |
| — | — | — | — |
| mustn’t be | (命令或禁止)不能/不允许 | ✅ You mustn’t be late for the exam. (你不能考试迟到。) | 主观禁止,带有命令或规则的意思 |
| can’t do | (客观禁止)不能做某事 | ✅ You can’t park here. (你不能在这里停车。) | 表示规则或能力上的 不允许 |
| mustn’t do | (主观禁止)绝对不能做某事 | ✅ You mustn’t smoke in the library. (你不能在图书馆抽烟。) | 语气更强,带有 命令 或 规则 的意味 |
can / could
can 的用法
- **表示能力(present ability):**表示现在或将来有能力做某事。
- 例句:I can swim.(我会游泳。)
- **表示允许或许可(permission):**表示允许某人做某事,通常用于非正式场合。
- 例句:You can use my phone.(你可以用我的手机。)
- **表示可能性(possibility):**表示某事有可能发生,通常用于否定句或疑问句。
- 例句:It can’t be true.(这不可能是真的。)
- **表示请求(request):**表示请求某人做某事,语气较为直接。
- 例句:Can you help me?(你能帮我吗?)
could 的用法
- **表示过去的能力(past ability):**表示过去有能力做某事,是 can 的过去式。
- 例句:When I was young, I could run very fast.(我年轻的时候,我能跑得很快。)
- **表示委婉的请求或建议(polite request or suggestion):**表示更礼貌的请求或建议,语气比 can 更委婉。
- 例句:Could you please pass the salt?(请您递一下盐好吗?)
- **表示可能性(possibility):**表示可能性,但语气比 can 更不确定。
- 例句:It could rain later.(晚些时候可能会下雨。)
- **用于虚拟语气(hypothetical situations):**表示与现在或过去事实相反的假设。
- 例句:If I had time, I could help you.(如果我有时间,我就可以帮你。)
can 和 could 的区别总结
- **时态:**can 表示现在或将来的能力,could 表示过去的能力。
- **语气:**could 比 can 更委婉、礼貌。
- **确定性:**could 比 can 表示的可能性更不确定。
mustn’t do 禁止做什么 needn’t 不必,不需要 shouldn’t 不应该 can’t 不可能
情态动词表推测
must 一定/could /may/might 可能
(1)对现在或将来的推测: 情态动词 + do/be
There is no light in the room. She can’t be at home now.
(2)对现在进行情况的推测: 情态动词 +be+doing。
She may be waiting for you at home.
(3)对过去的推测:情态动词+have+过去分词 (这里只能用 have,是不管主语是否为单三)
It must have rained last night. 昨晚肯定下雨了(过去)
情态动词表请求
Can > Could > May > Might 是从语气最直接到最委婉、最正式的排序。
Can I use your phone?(我能用一下你的手机吗?)
Could you open the window, please?(你能把窗户打开吗?)
May I leave early today?(我今天可以早走吗?)
Might I suggest a different approach?(我可以建议一种不同的方法吗?
例题
He may have been late for class this morning,because his alarm clock was broken.
他今天早上可能迟到了,因为他的闹钟坏了。
this morning 表示过去的推测 may have done ,固定搭配 be late for,这里 He 虽然是单三,但是仍然用 have,应为情态动词后面原形。
- must have + 过去分词:(过去)一定做了……。
He must have left his phone at home.(他一定把手机落在家里了。)
- should/ought to have + 过去分词:(过去)本应该做……(但没做)。
You should have told me earlier.(你本该早点告诉我的。)
- can’t have done: (过去)不可能做了……,对过去情况的否定推测。
- shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have done:(过去)本不该做……(却做了),后悔之意。
- needn’t have done:(过去)本不必做……(却做了)。
(1) can 表示能力“会,能”;表示推测“可能”,
(2) be able to 表示能力“会,能”,
(3) may/might 表示推测“可能,也许”,固定词组 may/might as well 表示“不妨,不如”
(4) must 表示推测“肯定,一定”;must 的否定回答常用 needn’t/don’t have to 表示“不必,不需要”;must 的否定形式
Must I look at you?
Yes,you must / No,you need’t/don’t have to.
mustn’t 表示“禁止,不准,不可以”
(5) should = ought to 表示建议“应该”;
(6) need 表示必要性“需要”,其否定形式 needn’t 表示“不必,不需要”
(7) had better 表示建议“最好”,其肯定句式“had better + do”表示“最好做某事”,
(8) used to 强调过去的动作,常用句式结构为“used to do sth”,表示“过去常常做某事”
表推测的情态动词主要有:must(一定);may/might/can(可能);can’t(不可能)
(1) 对现在或将来推测:情态动词+do
(2) 对过去推测:情态动词+have done
- If you don’t like to swim, you ____ as well stay at home.
A. should B. may C. can D. would
may/might as well do 不妨,不如 做某事
易混与特殊单词
延续性动词:stay, keep, know, have
非延续性动词:come, go, begin, start, become, join, end, die, buy, arrive, reach, borrow, lend
非延续动词作为谓语不能用完成时,即非延续性动词前没有 had/has.have
例如不能用过去延续到现在,只能用一般过去时
非延续性动词:动作几乎没有持续性。
arrive(到达)、leave(离开)、die(死亡)、stop(停止)、start(开始)、finish(完成)、break(打破)、jump(跳跃)、kick(踢)、knock(敲)、open(打开)、close(关闭)等。
- 不能与表示一段时间的状语连用:由于动作短暂,非延续性动词通常不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
- “I arrived for two hours."(我到达了两个小时。)❌
- “I arrived two hours ago."(我两小时前到达了。)。✅
- 通常不用于进行时态:进行时态强调动作的持续性,而非延续性动词表示的动作没有持续性,因此通常不用于进行时态。
- “I am arriving."(我正在到达。)❌
- “I will arrive."(我将到达。)。✅
- 通常不用于完成时态:完成时态强调动作的持续性和对现在的影响,而非延续性动词表示的动作没有持续性,因此通常不用于完成时态。
- “I have arrived."(我已经到达了。)❌
- “I arrived."(我到达了。)。✅
- 可以转化为延续性动词:有些非延续性动词可以通过添加介词或改变形式转化为延续性动词,从而可以用于进行时态。
- “die”(死亡)是短暂性动词,但 “be dying”(垂死)是延续性动词。
- The old man has been dead for four years. 这位老人已经去世四年了
look 相关用法
延续性动词:看起来,显得,系动词,表示外表或状态
- He was looking up a word in the dictionary when I called him.
- 我叫他时,他正在查字典。
- He is looking at the picture.(他正在看那幅画。)
- You have looked pale since you heard the news.
- 你听了那个消息后脸色一直苍白。
瞬间性动词:looked up 抬起头”这个动作是瞬间发生的,而不是一个持续的过程。
- He looked up when I called his name.(我叫他名字时,他抬起了头。)
- He looked up from the screen of the laptop when I entered his room.
- 当我进入他的房间时,他从笔记本电脑的屏幕上抬起头来。
几种支付比较:
人+spend+时间/金钱+on+物“ 某人花费时间或金钱在某事上”;
人+pay+钱+for+物“ 某人花费金钱买某物”;
人+purchase+物+for+钱“ 某人花费金钱买某物”;
人+buy+物+for+人“ 为某人买某物”。
spend 的必须是人,常用于以下结构:
spend time /money on sth. 在……上花费时间(金钱)。
I spent two hours on this maths problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。
spend time / money (in) doing sth. 花费时间(金钱)做某事。
They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。
spend money for sth. 花钱买……。
His money was spent for books. 他的钱用来买书了。
cost 的主语或某种活动,还可以表示“值”,
sth. costs (sb.) +金钱某物花了(某人)多少钱。
A new computer costs a lot of money. 买一台要花一大笔钱。
(doing) sth. costs (sb.) +时间 某物(做某事)花了(某人)多少时间。
Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time. 他花了大量时间才记住了这些。
注意:cost 的过去式及都是 cost 并且不能用于被动句。
take 常跟双宾语,常见用法有以下几种:
It takes sb. +时间+to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。
例:It took them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了。
doing sth. takes sb. +时间做某事花了某人多少时间。
Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。
pay 的基本用法是:
pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱(给某人)买……。
I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付 20 英磅的。
pay for sth. 付……的钱。
I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不赔丢失的书款。
pay for sb. 替某人付钱。
Don‘t worry! I’ll pay for you. 别担心,我会给你付钱的。
pay sb. 付钱给某人。
They pay us every month.他们每月给我们报酬。
pay money back 还钱。
May I borrow 12 yuan from you?
I’ll pay it back next week. 你能借给我 12 块钱吗?下周还你。
pay off one’s money 还清钱。
“get” 后接形容词 的用法
在这种结构中,“get” 通常用作系动词,表示主语从一种状态变化到另一种状态,即“变得……”的意思。
常见用法:
- 表示主语状态的变化:
- 结构:主语 + get + 形容词
- 例子:
- She got tired after the long journey.(她在长途旅行后感到疲倦。)
- The situation is getting worse.(情况变得更糟。)
- He got angry when he heard the news.(他听到这个消息时生气了。)
注意:在这种用法中,“get” 强调的是主语状态的变化过程,常用于描述情绪、健康状况等方面的变化。
- 与进行时态搭配,表示渐变过程:
- 结构:主语 + be (am/are/is/was/were) + getting + 形容词
- 例子:
- The weather is getting colder.(天气变得越来越冷。)
- She is getting better at playing the piano.(她弹钢琴的水平越来越高。)
解释:这种结构强调状态变化的过程,通常用于描述逐渐的、持续的变化。
常见的系动词
1.be 动词。
2.感官动词:look,smell,taste,sound, feel。
3.表变化的词:get,become。
4.表状态的词:keep ,stay,remain。
例题
The cake made by the students tasted nice.
“tasted”是系动词,表示“尝起来……”,其后需接形容词作表语,而非副词。
“nicely”是副词,而“nice”是形容词,答案:nice
这里容易将 tasted 混淆成动词,后面填写副词
主谓宾双宾:动词+ sb.sth. tell,award,buy,give,leave,lend,offer,pay,show,teach
主谓宾宾补:动词+sb./sth+adj: make,fnd,believe,think,keep,have
无被动:系动词 “发生”take place,occur,happen 不及物动词(通过造句是否含介词判断)
以 A/E/I/O/U 开头,但是填冠词 a 的单词有:
European
uniform
unique
university
one-year-old
useful
usual
unit
不是以 A/E/I/O/U 开头,但是填冠词 an 的单词有:
hour
honest
MP3 MP4
honor
单个字母(发音以元音开头) 用 an(如 an “F”, an “S”)
单个字母(发音以辅音开头) 用 a(如 a “B”, a “D”)
There is ________ “s” in the word “sudden”, and it’s ________ first letter in it.
A.an; an B.a; the C.an; the D.a; /
Everyone knows ______ glass is made of ______ glass.
A.a; / B.the; a C./; a D.a; the
前面这个 glass 代表水杯,后面为玻璃
翻译:我们都知道一个水杯是由玻璃制成的。
这里水杯不是特定的一个水杯,所以不是特指,这里用 a
后面玻璃不可数,这里无冠词
A(an)应与名词前的形容词或副词-形容词组合词的第一个音一致。
an unusual report
an excellent singer
常见规律
- 介词后填名词或者动名词(ing)。
- By 前被动,By 后 ing( 介词+动名词形式 (V-ing) )。
I find it a useful way to learn English by ___ keeping a diary __. (keep) 中文:我发现写日记是一种很有用的学习英语的方法。
- 人多为主动,物多为被动。
- 限定词+形容词+中心名词+介词短语/分词短语/不定式短语/形容词短语/定
- 句子中省略 that 的定语从句,结构为:名词+主语+谓语
- A of B 在翻译时候,大部分翻译成 B 的 A
- 引导词后出现两个谓语时,离引导词较远的是主句的谓语。
- 引导词左右各出现一个谓语动词时,引导词左边的是主句的谓语。
- 有逗号,大部分作为状语,少部分是定语,用 which 等修饰前面整件事情。
- so 也,neither/nor 也不
- ed 修饰人,ing 修饰物
- 第二大”、“第三大”、“第四大”等的表达方式(the+序数词+形容词最高级)
- No matter how/However+adj.+主语+谓语/ No matter what/ What ever+n. +主语+谓语
- 独一独二,专有名词,特指用 the,反之用 a/an
- 动名词用单三
- 基数词+连字符+名词=复合形容词,有连字符大部分为形容词,tow-day
- 情态动词后面原形
- So+adj.:so happy, such+n. : such bad weather
- 修饰单数可数名词:a/an 在形容词前用 such,a/an 在形容词后用 so:
1.1. such a/an + 可数名词单词: such a girl
such + a/an+ adj. + 可数名词单数 such a beautiful girl
1.2. so + adj. + a/an + 可数名词单数:
- so + 形容词/副词
so cold / so fast
- so + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数
- so clever a boy
2.可数名词复数/可数名词:
1.such + 形容词 + 可数名词复数/不可数名词
- such + 可数名词复数
- such people
- such + 形容词 + 可数名词复数
- such smart people
- such + 不可数名词
- such weather
- such + 形容词 + 不可数名词
- such great progress
- so + many/much/few/little + 可数名词复数/不可数名词
- so many students
- so much food
- 动名词的否定是将否定词放在动名词前面。(your not coming)
形容词排序:
- 限定词(冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、数词等)
- 一般描绘性形容词、特征形容词
- 表示大小、长短、高低、形状的形容词
- 表示年龄、新旧的形容词
- 表示颜色的形容词
- 表示国籍、地区、出处、来源的形容词
- 表示物质、材料、作用、类别的形容词
- 名词或动名词。
a beautiful little red flower 一朵美丽的小花。
特殊句型
there be 与“一……就”
- there is going to be+n(名词或名词短语)
- there will be 事件将要发生
- “一…就…",主句过去完成时,从句一般过去,主句部分倒装(主过完,从过)。
- “hardly + had(过去完成时) when+ did/were(一般过去)”
Hardly had I arrived when they started to leave.
我刚一到他们就开始离开了。
- “had no sooner+ had (过去完成时) than+ did/were(一般过去时)
- Had no sooner had I arrived than they started to leave.
- 我刚一到他们就开始离开了。
- It’s hight/about/good+time+(that)+(should do)/ (did/were) 是该做什么的时候
no matter / so that / the reason is that
- No matter what+ 名词
- No matter how+ 形容词/副词
- why not do sth?=why don’t you/we do sth? 为什么不做这个事情呢?
- So adj+that 如此,以至于
- The reason is that+从句
- No sooner …. than 一….就
- not…Athing untilB : 直到 B,才 Athing (不翻译 not)
- We didn’t show our best until we fought against Australia in the semi-finals
- 直到半决赛与澳大利亚的比赛,我们才展现出最好的状态。
- “such…as"表示“像这样的,定语从句引导词
- Don’t listen to such songs as you hate.
- 不要听你讨厌的歌
- it is adj. for sb. to do sthing.
“越……越好”“再……也不过分”
can not/never/hardly + be/ do + (too + adj)/( adj + enough)
You can not be too careful when you cross the road.(过马路时你越仔细越好。)
You can never be careful enough to do your homework.(你做作业时越仔细越好。)
You can not praise him too much.(你怎样表扬他都不过分。)
We can never thank you enough for your help.(对于你的帮助,我们再怎么感谢都不为过。)
We can not work hard enough to achieve our goals.(为了实现我们的目标,我们再怎么努力工作都不为过。)
You can hardly read too much to improve your knowledge.(为了提高你的知识水平,你再怎么多读书都不为过。)
Too + adj. + to do
表示“太……以至于不能……”,强调程度过高导致某事无法发生(带有否定含义)。
结构:S + be + too + adj. + to do sth.
- The bag is too heavy to carry.(这个包太重了,拿不动。)
- He was too tired to continue working.(他太累了,无法继续工作。)
- The problem is too difficult to solve.(这个问题太难了,解决不了。)
Such + n. + that
表示“如此……以至于……”,强调名词的程度导致某种结果。
结构:S + be + such + (a/an) + adj. + n. + that + 结果
- It was such a hot day that we stayed inside.(天气太热了,我们呆在室内。)
- She is such a kind person that everyone likes her.(她是一个如此善良的人,以至于人人都喜欢她。)
- They had such bad luck that they lost everything.(他们运气太差,以至于失去了一切。)
So + adj. + that
表示“如此……以至于……”,强调形容词的程度导致某种结果。
结构:S + be + so + adj. + that + 结果
- The water is so cold that I can’t drink it.(水太冷了,我喝不下。)
- He was so angry that he left the room.(他太生气了,以至于离开了房间。)
- The movie was so interesting that I watched it twice.(这部电影太有趣了,我看了两遍。)
- So…that…这里 so 后面应该接 adj.但是 much many few little 这些词修饰后,也可以接名词
- so + 量词(much/many/few/little)+ 名词 + that…
- He has so much money that he can buy anything.
不定代词 both, all, either, neither, none:
both / either / neither / all / none
- both, either, neither:用于两者之间。
- all, none:用于三者或三者以上。
辨“肯否”
- 肯定:both, either, all。
- 否定:neither, none。
看“含义”
- both, neither, all, none:表示“全(不)”或“都(不)”。
- either:表示“任何之一”。
of 和 for
“of” 和 “for” 的区别总结:
| 结构 | 用法 | 例句 |
| — | — | — |
| It is + adj. + of sb. to do sth. | 当形容词描述的是人的品质(kind, brave, stupid 等)时,使用"of sb.” | It is nice of you to help me.(你帮我,真是太好了。) |
| It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth. | 当形容词描述的是事情的特点或难易程度(important, difficult, easy 等)时,使用"for sb.” | It is difficult for me to wake up early.(对我来说,早起很难。) |
| It is + adj. + for sth. | 当形容词描述的是某事物的特性或影响时 | It is useful for learning English to practice every day.(每天练习对学习英语有帮助。) |
| Important for sth. | 描述某事对另一事物的重要性 | Good sleep is important for your health.(良好的睡眠对健康很重要。) |
反义疑问句
- 陈述句+一般疑问句:前肯后否,前否后肯
- never,seldom, hardly,few,little,barely, scarcely, nothing 等否定意义的词也算否定
- unhappy,dislike,unfriendly 等含有否定词缀的派生词,也就是有 un-前缀、-less 后缀等含有词缀而意思否定的词,当做肯定句处理
- 当主句的主语为第一人称时,其后的简短问句应与从句相一致。
- 当主句的主语为第二、三人称时,其后的简短问句则应与主句相一致
- think, suppose, believe, expect ,imagine, guess 等后的宾语从句如果是否定句,要把否定转移到主句的 think 等动词上,这叫做“否定前移”或“否定前置”
We don’t think he had a good time in the summer camp,did he?
虽然第一人称 We,从句为肯定,但是由于是 think,所以否定前移,这个否定是从句的,所以后面为肯定
It is the first time that we have met each other in the school,isn’t it ?
Do check the details carefully and correct the mistakes in time, will you ? 祈使句:will you
没有 do,is,情态动词是用对应的 do 形式:
You never lives,does he?
词语辨析
Only to do 意想不到的事
Only to doing 意想之中的事
With+n.+doing 主动:正在发生的事
With+n.+done 被动:已经的事
With+n.+to do 主动/被动:还未发生
must do : 必须作某事表现在。
couldn’t (过去)不能/不可能做啥(can 过去式)
I couldn’t find my keys yesterday. 我昨天不能找到钥匙了。
won’t = will not 将来完成时的否定,(将来)不愿意/不会发生
I won’t go to the party tomorrow. 我明天不愿意去参加晚会了。
例题
Tom (won’t/ couldn’t)have attended the party as no one saw him there yesterday evening
yesterday evening 表示过去的事,won’t 表将来否定,couldn’t 表示过去的否定。
主动形式表被动意义
- 以下动词等后面接动名词时,该动名词通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
bear(适宜于)
deserve(应受到)
need(需要)
require(需要)
stand (忍受)
want (需要)
The desk needs repairing.课桌需要修理。
The flowers want watering.花需要浇水。
【注意】其中有的动词也可直接跟不定式的被动式。如:
The man deserves to be punished.
The desk needs to be repaired.
The flowers want to be watered.
- 表示感觉或变化的等系动词的主动形式表示被动意义。如:
- Feel
- Look
- Smell
- Sound
- Taste
- Turn
- Prove
- get
The dish smells nice.这道菜气味好闻。
His words prove true.他的话是真的。
3.不及物动词没有被动语态。
take place (发生)
happen (发生)
come ahout (发生)
break out (爆发)
appear (出现)
disappear (消失)
last (持续)
arise (出现,发生)
Influenza usually breaks out in winter.流感通常发生在冬季。
4.英语中的静态动词(如 have,lack,fit,hold,suit,resemble 等)通常不用于被动语态。
My shoes don’t fit me.我的鞋不合。
The young man lacks experience.这个年轻人缺乏经验。
Be needed/need 主动表被动:
- need 主动表示被动: 需要做某事, 种动作是需要被执行.
This room needs cleaning.(这个房间需要清洁。)
This car needs washing.(这辆车需要洗。)
- be needed 被动语态: 某人或某物**被需要,某个对象被需要。
A pen is needed.(需要一支笔。)
Volunteers are needed.(需要志愿者。)
例题
Doctors and nurses are needed in every part of the world.
被动语态,表示“医生和护士是被需要的
词性
动词
使动类动词
- seat 不是“坐”,而是“v. 使某人坐”,所以用法是 seat sb,由此衍生出被动结构 sb. be seated,可见 sb. 与 seat 是被动关系。
- sit 是“v. (某人)坐”,所以用法是 sb. sit,可见 sb. 与 sit 是主动关系。
二者以上的区别,对于二者用作谓语动词(即时态)和非谓语动词是有影响的,举例如下:
译 1 谓语:他坐在教室的后面。
- seat:He is seated at the back of the classroom. 被动语态
- sit:He sits at the back of the classroom. 主动语态
译 2 非谓语动词:坐在教室的后面,他感觉很放松。
- seat:Seated at the back of the classroom, he feels relaxed.
- He 与 seat 为被动关系,所以用过去分词 seated
- sit:Sitting at the back of the classroom, he feels relaxed.
- He 与 sit 为主动关系,所以用现在分词 sitting
事实上,英语中存在大量的像 seat 这类“使某人……”的动词,如 amaze、shock、interest、prepare、determine 等,逻辑和用法都与 seat 是一样的。
amaze(使…惊奇)
- 用法:The result amazed him.
- 被动结构:He was amazed by the result.
shock(使…震惊)
- 用法:The news shocked everyone.
- 被动结构:Everyone was shocked by the news.
interest(使…感兴趣)
- 用法:The lecture interested many students.
- 被动结构:Many students were interested in the lecture.
prepare(使…准备好)
- 用法:They prepared the team for the competition.
- 被动结构:The team was well prepared for the competition.
determine(使…下定决心/确定)
- 用法:The event determined him to change his career.
- 被动结构:He was determined to change his career.
例题
The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ________ (seated/seating) on
benches.
拍卖通常在房子外面进行,观众坐在的长椅上。
“with the audience…”这样的结构,这是 with 的复合结构。
“seat”,意思是“使……就座”,后面得接人。比如说“seat sb.” (让某人就座)。
虽然是观众主动做,但这里 seat 是使动词,所以用被动表主动。
| 动词 | 中文释义 | 常见搭配例句或结构 |
| — | — | — |
| arrive | 到达 | arrive at/in a place |
| come | 来 | come to school |
| go | 去 | go to the park |
| happen | 发生 | What happened to him? |
| occur | 发生(突然想起) | The idea occurred to me. |
| stay | 停留 | stay at home |
| live | 居住 | live in a city |
| fall | 掉落 / 跌倒 | fall off/from the bike |
| fly | 飞 | fly in the sky |
| walk | 走路 | walk to school |
| run | 跑步 | run on the track |
| swim | 游泳 | swim in the river |
| laugh | 笑 | laugh at a joke |
| cry | 哭 | cry for help |
| sleep | 睡觉 | sleep well / sleep on the sofa |
| wait | 等待 | wait for the bus |
| work | 工作 | work as a teacher / work hard |
| rise | 上升(如太阳) | The sun rises in the east. |
| exist | 存在 | Dinosaurs no longer exist. |
| disappear | 消失 | The cat disappeared suddenly. |
介词
- in:泛指那一天,或者没有具体到日 in 年,in 月,in 季节
- in the morning/afteroon/evening in winter
- at,时间 小时 at half past two 在两点半 / at night / at 11.45
- at weekends , on Monday
- on:特定指向具体的那一天,日期具体日,周几
- on 6 June/on 24 September
- on Friday morning
- on Saturday night 具体到某一天的早/中/晚上 用 on
- on Thursday
- Japan is to__ the east of China. In 在…里面 in the middle of,on 表示接壤,to 强调方向,不接壤
- at:具体场所,at the station
- on: 接城市以内的地点
- in:接大于城市的地点或在什么里面:in a room
- in Japan
- at:具体到某个时刻或者瞬间,在几点。接具体场所,at staion.
祈使句
是用来表达命令、请求、建议、劝告或警告的句子,其基本结构通常以动词原形(base form of the verb)开头。在祈使句中,动词没有时态和数的变化,这是因为祈使句的主语通常是“you”,但在句子中是省略的,因此动词直接使用原形。
- 主语省略:
- 祈使句的主语一般是“you”,但通常不显式表达。
- 例:
- (You) Close the door.(把门关上。)
- (You) Be quiet.(安静。)
- 动词无时态变化:
- 祈使句中的动词只使用原形,不受时态影响。
- 例如:
- 一般陈述句:She goes to school every day.(一般现在时)
- 祈使句:Go to school.(去上学。)
- 动词无数的变化:
- 无论听话者是单数还是复数,动词都不发生变化。
- 例如:
- 对一个人:Stand up.(站起来。)
- 对一群人:Stand up.(站起来。)
祈使句类型
- 肯定祈使句
直接用动词原形开头,表示命令、建议或请求。
- 例:
- Come here.(过来。)
- Try your best.(尽力而为。)
- Keep quiet.(保持安静。)
- 否定祈使句
- 用 “Don’t” + 动词原形,表示禁止或警告。
- 例:
- Don’t touch it.(别碰它。)
- Don’t be late.(别迟到。)
- 形式更正式或更有礼貌时,也可以用 Never 代替 Don’t:
- Never give up.(永不放弃。)
- Let’s 句型(第一人称祈使句)
- Let’s + 动词原形,表示提议或建议,主语是第一人称复数(我们)。
- 例:
- Let’s go.(我们走吧。)
- Let’s have a rest.(我们休息一下。)
- 否定形式是 Let’s not + 动词原形:
- Let’s not argue.(我们别争论了。)
- 带有宾语的祈使句
- 祈使句可以加上宾语,使句子更具体。
- 例:
- Open your book.(打开你的书。)
- Tell me the truth.(告诉我真相。)
- 强调祈使句
- 用 do + 动词原形 进行强调,使语气更强烈或更有礼貌。
- 例:
- Do be careful.(务必小心。)
- Do come in.(请进。)
含有 Please 的祈使句(更礼貌)
- 在祈使句前或后加 please,使语气更委婉。
- 例:
- Please sit down.(请坐。)
- Pass me the salt, please.(请把盐递给我。)
特殊祈使句
- “Be” 开头的祈使句
- 当谓语动词是 be 时,仍然使用原形 be。
- 例:
- Be careful.(小心点。)
- Be quiet.(安静。)
- 祈使句 + and/or
- “祈使句 + and”:表示如果做某事,就会发生好的结果。
- Work hard, and you will succeed.(努力工作,你就会成功。)
- “祈使句 + or”:表示如果不做某事,就会发生不好的结果。
- Hurry up, or you will be late.(快点,否则你会迟到。)
例题 1:
________ (Cherish/To cherish) your time with your pet dog, for the lifespan of a dog is not long.
Cherish 珍视,珍爱,由于这里是劝告的话,所以用动词原形
例题 2:
________ (Cherish/To cherish) your time with your pet dog, for the lifespan of a dog is not long.
Cherish 珍视,珍爱,由于这里是劝告的话,所以用动词原形
祈使句 + and/or + 陈述句:
and 表示 祈使句作用后的结果:
Stick to your principles, and you will win through. 坚持你的原则,就会胜利。
or 表示 不然,否则:
Drop that gun, or I’ll shoot you. 放下枪,不然我就打死你。
Make haste, or we’ll miss the bus. 赶快,否则我们赶不上汽车了。
例题
Study hard, and you’ll make great progress in English.
A.or B.and C.because D.so
努力学习,你就会在英语上取得很大进步。
to do 做真正的主语。
客观评价(重要、容易、困难等)(necessary, possible, hard, easy, useful, impossible)
It is +n./adj. +(for/of sb.) to do sth.
It is important to practice English every day.每天练习英语很重要。
It is difficult for me to get up early.对我来说,早起很难。
doing sth. 做真正的主语。
It is no use/good/pleasure doing sth. “做……没有用/好处/乐趣”
That 从句做真正的主语:
It is said/reported/believed… that…
It is said that…(据说……)
It is believed that…(人们相信……)
It is reported that…(据报道……)
It is known that…(众所周知……)
名词
定义:为物体或人的名称,例如:书、桌子、椅子、老虎、白色、打印机、台灯、汤姆等。
分类:专有名词、普通名词。而普通名词中又包含可数名词和不可数名词。
注意:
1.可数名词的单数不能单独出现。
2.可数名词的复数形式有如下情况:
不可数名词
分类:(包括但不限于以下)
①无法分割的东西:air, water, soup, meat, milk, bread.
②体积微小的东西:hair, popcorn, sand, rice, salt,corn.
③一类物品的总称:food, fruit, money, clothing.
④学科类名词:math, history, science.
- 抽象名词:life, love, noise, nutrition.
1.单复数同形 sheep,deer,means,Chinese,Japanese
通过 a/an 来判断:A sheep is…
Sheep are…
2.集体名词形式为单数但含义为复数 people,police
3.有些词常以复数形式出现,例如:glasses,trousers,clothes,shorts,jeans -are/were
4.以-s 结尾,但实为不可数名词或单数名词,例如:news,maths,politics 政治,physics 物理
5.常见不可数名词:advice,news,information,weather,furniture,luggage,progress,water,air,rice,salt,money,bread (1. 谓语用单三 is /2. 前面不加 a/an)
常见的不可数名词:
news n. (不可数) 消息
furniture n. (不可数) 家具;装置
information n. (不可数) 信息
knowledge n. (不可数) 知识
anger n. (不可数) 怒火
luck n. (不可数) 幸运
wealth n. (不可数) 财富
progress n. (不可数) 进步
experience n. (不可数) 经验
pollution n. (不可数) 污染
equipment n. (不可数) 设备
例题
What ____ lovely weather it is!
A. / B. the C. an D. a
以 -ics 结尾、表示学科等含义的名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式:
- mathematics:数学
- physics:物理学
- economics:经济学
- electronics:电子学
- ethics:伦理学
- politics:政治学
- statistics:统计学
- gymnastics:体操
- athletics:田径运动
注意:economics、electronics、ethics、politics、statistics 表示学科以外的其他含义时,可作复数用。
复合名词变复数:复合名词由两个或两个以上的词组合而成
三种连接形式:
第一种:两部分分开的:woman teacher,woman doctor, post office, bus stop 等
第二种:两部分连写:bookshop, raincoat 等
第三种:两部分通过连词符-连接:cold-blooded, hard-working 等
1.“man/woman+名词”构成的复合名词,两个词均须变为复数
woman teacher => women teachers man waiter => men waiters
woman singer=>women singers man servant=>men servants
2.以-man/-woman/-child 结尾的复合名词,将-man/-woman/-child 变为复数。例如:
fireman =>firemen(消防员) chairwoman =>chairwomen(女主席)
grandchild =>grandchildren(孙子/女) Englishman =>Englishmen(英国人)
Frenchman =>Frenchmen(法国人)
3.其他的“名词+名词”组成的复合名词变复数时,一般只把后面的名词变成复数。
girl friend=>girl friends,pocket bag=> pocket bags,story-teller=> story-tellers
- “可数名词+介词或介词短语”构成的复合名词,将主体名词(或者说中心名词)变为复数。例如:
runner-up=>runners-up(亚军) passer-by=>passers-by(过路人)
looker-on=>lookers-on(旁观者) mother-in-law => mothers-in-law(岳母/婆婆)
editor-in-chief=>editors-in-chief(总编辑) bride-to-be=>brides-to-be(准新娘)
5.当复合名词是从动词短语演变而来,它没有主体名词,结构是“动词/动词的过去分词+副词“,它的复数形式要在词尾加 s
stand-by=>stand-bys grown-up=> grown-up take-off=>take offs
forget,breakdown=>breakdowns,go-between=> go-betweens
6.当复合名词是以不可数名词结尾时,它是没有复数形式的,例如 housework, newspaper 等这样的词
There are fifty woman teachers in our school. They are all friendly to us.
Storey n.楼层,层
ten storeys 名词 十层
This building has ten storeys.(这栋楼有十层。)
three-storey 复合形容词 三层的
a three-storey house(一栋三层的房子)
名词所有格
单数加’s 复数有 S 的就 S’, 看名词前的 a/an 或则通过语境判断。
单数所有格:student’s 复数所有格 students’
a soldier’s primary duty soldiers’ soldier’s duty
复数所有格 weeks’ vacation
双重所有格:a of B’s of 后面是人
- of+名词‘s:the friend of Mike’s Mike 的朋友
- of + 名词性物主代词,the friend of mine 我的朋友
例题
This is a book of Shirley’s (Shirley/ Shirley’s).
并列名词的所有格
- 一、如果表示共有:只在最后一个名词后面加 -’s 或 -’。
- 被修饰的名词是单数。
- ✅ 结构:A and B’s + 名词
- ✅ 例句:Lucy and Lily’s brother(露西和莉莉共同的一个哥哥)
- 二、如果表示分别拥有:每个名词后面都要加 -’s 或 -’。
- 被修饰的名词是复数。
- ✅ 结构:A’s and B’s + 名词(复数)
- ✅ 例句:Lucy’s and Lily’s brothers(露西和莉莉各自的哥哥们)
例题
_________mothers couldn’t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai .
A. Mary and Peter’s B. Mary and Peter
C. Mary’s and Peter D. Mary’s and Peter’s
并列所有格主要看所有格后面的名词,复数:分别加所有格/单数:左后一个加所有格。
Lily (Lily/ Lily’s) and Sarah’s new apartment has two big windows
从 apartment 单数和 has 单三可看出 为共同的公寓。
代词
it 作形式宾语
在英语中,某些动词(如 find, feel, think, consider, make, believe, suppose 等)后接 不定式 (to do) 作为宾语时,通常需要使用 it 作为形式宾语,而将真正的宾语(即 不定式短语)后置。
句型结构:主语 + 动词 + it(形式宾语)+ 宾语补足语(形容词/名词) + to do(真正宾语)
例句解析:
I found it difficult to solve the problem. 我发现解决这个问题很难。
She made it clear to follow the instructions. 她让遵循指示变得清晰。
He thought it unnecessary to explain further. 他认为进一步解释是不必要的。
I found it easy to learn English. 我发现学英语很容易。
We consider it important to follow the rules. 我们认为遵守规则很重要。
He made it possible to complete the project on time. 他让按时完成项目成为可能。
The two girls are so alike that the neighbors find____ (that/it)difficult to tell one from the other.
tell A from B. 区分 A 和 B
这里注意 its 这里做形容词性物主代词
反身代词
I clean the room myself. 我自己打扫房间。
He built the house himself.(他亲自建造了这座房子。)
例题:He does not want to make any effort ___ (him/himself).
指示代词 this, those, that, these 可以做主语和宾语
this 翻译为这个(距离比较近)。
This book is mine.
that 翻译为那个(距离比较远)。
That house is old.
these 翻译为这些,是 this 的复数形式(距离也较近)。
These apples are fresh.
those 翻译为那些,是 that 的复数形式(距离比较远)
Those trees are tall.
that / those 指代
that 和 those 可以用来代替前面提到的事物,避免重复。
That 代替前面的事物:
The weather today is better than that of yesterday.(今天的天气比昨天好。)
Those 代替前面的事物:
These apples are fresher than those in the market.(这些苹果比市场上的那些更新鲜。)
| 代词 | 含义 | 所指代的名词 | 例句 |
| — | — | — | — |
| it(复数:they/them) | 它 | 同类同物(特指) | Where is my new pen? I can’t find it. |
| one(复数:ones) | 一个 | 同类不同物(泛指) | This apple is small. Please give me a big one. |
| that(复数:those) | 那个 | 同类不同物(特指) | His handwriting is like that of a child |
⑥ Things made by hand are usually more expensive than
produced in factories.
A. these 下文
B. this
C. that 指代上文出现的—同类不同物 单数
D. those 指代上文出现的—同类不同物 复数
Joyce likes the shape of the cake. It (It/ One) is a heart.
it / one / the other
It 单数-特指 One 单数-泛指
The other + 单数名词,one…the other…,一个……另一个……
特指两个或两部分中的另一个或另一部分,
he other map 另一张地图,the other book 另外的一本书。
The other+复数形式:其他的….
the other flowers 其他的花朵,the other teachers 其它的老师们。
例题
Tom owns more books than the other _____ (student/students) in our class.
Tom 拥有的书比我们班上其他的_____还多。”
复合不定代词,:everything, something, anything , nothing
作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数形。
- everything 每件事,用于肯定句、疑问句或否定句中。
- I hope everything goes well. 我希望一切顺利。
- something 某事;某物。用于肯定句中,也可用于征求对方意见的疑问句中。
- Something is wrong with my ears. 我的耳朵有点毛病。
- anything 意为某事;任何事。一般用于否定句或疑问句中。
- Can you hear anything? 你能听到某种声音吗?
- nothing 意为没有什么;没有东西。肯定句
- Tom saw nothing. 汤姆什么也没看见
- nothing=not anything
- everything 最重要的.
- Money is everything to him.金钱对他比什么都重要。
例题
I need some stamps. Are there any (any/ all) in your bag?
Any 一些:not 否定句或者疑问句?/ some 一些,肯定句
both & either & neither & all & any & none 区别:
| 范围 / 含义 | 都 | 任意一个 | 都不 |
| — | — | — | — |
| 两者 | both(谓复) | either(谓单) | neither(谓单或复) |
| 三者(以上 | all(谓单或复) | any(谓单) | none(谓单或复) |
例题
The young couple often eats out because ____ of them can cook.
A. both of 两者都-复数
B. either of 两者其中一个-单数
C. neither of 两者都不—-单数
D. none of 三者都不
副词和形容词
副词 ly 修饰动词
形容词/副词 + enough:足够的程度 副词
big enough:足够大 fast enough:足够快
quickly enough:足够快地 carefully enough:足够小心地
enough + 名词:足够的某物
enough money:足够的钱 enough time:足够的时间
形容词修饰名词
available:adj. 可获得的”或“可用的:后置形容词
a room available:一个可用的房间
seats available:可用的座位
a person available:有空的人
不定代词 + 形容词
I don’t have anything important to say. 我没有什么重要的事要说。
of + 抽象名词
常见抽象名词:importance, use, help, value, difference, significance
前面可加 little, any, great, no, some, vital, much, low 等修饰词
The decision is of great importance to us.(这个决定对我们来说非常重要。)
The decision is very important to us.(这个决定对我们来说很重要。)
- sometime 副词,某个时候(通常指将来或过去的不确定时间)
- I met her sometime last year. 我去年某个时候见过她
- sometimes 副词,有时,偶尔(表示频率)
I sometimes go jogging in the morning. 我有时早上去慢跑。
例题
This castle is said to have been built ________ (sometime/sometimes) around 1900.
这座城堡大概在 1900 年左右的某个时候建造的。
副词短语 as well 表示「也…」的意思,语义相当于 too、also:放在句未
由于 as well 并非连接词,故连接不同的语法单位时(短语、从句等),须与连接词(and 或 but)搭配。
例句:
- I like cooking new dishes and baking desserts as well.
- = I like cooking new dishes and baking desserts, too.
- = I like cooking new dishes and I also love baking desserts.
- 我喜欢烹煮新料理,也喜欢烘焙甜点。
Here 作为地点副词,表示“这里”,通常可以放在句末
I will wait for you here. (我会在这里等你。)
She was born here. (她出生在这里。)
连词成句
时间或顺序的副词放在句末:first,soon
1.your homework, finish, first, you, should.
✅ You should finish your homework first.
❌You should first finish your homework .
- 2.He is reading in the room above. 他正在楼上的房间里读?
above 形容词时用在名词前面, above 名词之后,表示在上面是副词
well done 形容词短语或形容词
That was a well-done job.(干得漂亮的工作。)
I want my steak well done.(我要全熟的牛排。)
关于频度的时间状语,如 often, always, seldom, never, ever, usually 等,通常位于行为动词前、be 动词后或情态动词后:
I always drink coffee in the morning.我总是早上喝咖啡。
They are always busy with work.他们总是忙于工作。
He can always help you with that.他总是能帮你做这件事。
关于多个状语修饰同一个动词时的顺序:方式状语 → 地点状语 → 时间状语
She speaks English fluently in the classroom every day. 她每天在教室里流利地说英语。
先出现被指代的词,再出现代词
Tom is our role model and he is the best.
with her friends 放在句末
英语喜欢“主谓先行,修饰随后”的语序:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语/补语 + 状语
在描述一个场景时,我们通常会先说“谁做了什么”,然后再补充“和谁一起”、“在哪里”等信息。
错:Emma with her friends played happily in the park.
对:Emma played happily with her friends in the park.
阅读填词
- 要注意填写的词的时态,词性。
由于阅读原句的和选词填空的句子细微变化,造成时态,单复数,词性的变化。从连词(and,or)前后词性时态相同,句子其它动词看时态,等等。
- 2.非句首的词,不要大写。
阅读回答
- 1.询问时间
How soon ➝ 询问 多久之后 发生?(回答:“In + 时间”)
How long ➝ 询问 持续多久?(回答:“For + 时间”)
How often ➝ 询问 多久一次?(回答:“Once
Twice a week”)
When 回答 In
- How +v. 询问方式=> By+句子
- why 询问原因 => because
词根词缀
- un-:表示否定、相反或缺乏,如 unhappy(不开心的)、unjust(不公正的)。
- re-:表示再一次、回退或重复,如 rewrite(重写)、rethink(重新考虑)。
- pre-:表示在预先或之前,如 prehistoric(史前的)、prepaid(预付的)。
- dis-:表示否定、分开或除去,如 dislike(不喜欢)、discard(丢弃)。
名词:-tion -ity -ance -ence -ce -ness(the/a/an/形容词 +名词/介词 0n,with+名词/所有格后)
-tion/-sion: education 教育,培养
communication 交流,沟通
-ness: friendliness n.友好 / happiness 幸福,快乐 / sadness 悲伤,难过
-ity: ability n. 能力,能够
reality:n.真实,现实/ ecurity 安全,保障
popular adj adj.受欢迎的 => popularity n.流行,普及
special adj.特别的;=> specialty n.专业
-ce: inconvenience n.不便,麻烦
confidence 自信
important adj. 重要的,重大的=> importance n. 重要,重要性
-ance/-ence: importance 重要性
patience 耐心/difference 差异
副词:-ly,-wise,-ward(s)(修饰句子,放在句首句未 /副词+动词/形容词)
-ly : bad→badly 坏地,恶劣地
careful→carefully 小心地,
-ward(s):eastward 向东地
upward 向上地
形容词:-ful -able -ed/-ing (adj.+n.)
-ful: useful / beautiful / power n.— powerful adj.
-able: drinkable 可引用的
valuable 有价值的 /
-ed/-ing: excited 兴奋的
boring 无聊的/surprised 惊讶的 (ed 修饰人,ing 修饰物)
-ive/-al/-ent: creative 有创造力的 / natural 自然的 / patient 耐心的
-ial: confidential 机密的 /commerce n. 贸易,商业- commercial adj.商业的
做题注意:
注意空的前后:例如:介词+形容词+名词(只看前面就会填成名词)
职业人员:-er -or 职业
Teacher(教师)
Driver(司机)
Worker(工人)
Farmer(农民)
Engineer(工程师)
Doctor(医生)
Actor(演员)
Lawyer(律师)
Professor(教授)
Director(主任
导演)
-ess
演员:actor actress
主人:host hostess
服务员:waiter waitress
作家:author authoress
Volunteer n. 志愿者 employee n. 雇员
作文表达
注意事项:
- , etc.可以表示 等等
- dear Mike, 这个后面是,
- In additon 此外 last 最后 First 首先
To put it another way 换而言之
At least in theory 至少在理论上
To sum up 总的来说
In a sense 在某种意义上
Needless to say 不用说
In a few words 简而言之
In general 一般来说
believe it or not 无论你信不信
To be frank 坦白说
Strange to say 说也奇怪
To tell the true 老实说
In short 简言之
Similar to last year 类似去年
To our surprise 使我们惊讶的是
I look forward to your reply.我期待你的回信。
短语表
stop to do 停下手头的事,去做某事
stop doing 停止手头正在做的事
remember to do 记得要去做某事(没做)
remember doing 记得做过某事(做了)
see sb. do 看见某人做某事
see sb. doing 看见某人正在做某事
be fixed on / be focused on / focus on / be concentrated on 聚焦于…. 专注于….,
prefer to do rather than do 宁愿做某事也不愿做某事….
天气、时间允许都是用主动 permitting
resist + doing 无法抵抗…;对…毫无抗拒
look forward to + doing 期待某事
make oneself done 使你自己被…
appreciate doing 喜欢做某事
face → be faced with 面临
be lost in 迷失在…
陷入 …
be absorbed in 陷入…
沉迷于…
hear sb. doing 听某人正在做某事
consider doing 考虑做某事
认为做某事
ranging from A to B 范围从…到…
manage to do 设法做某事
suffer doing 遭受….
Be regarded as 被视为….
Be admired for 钦佩….
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
practice doing 练习做某事
Be caught in 陷入… 陷于….
keep doing 一直做某事
escape doing 逃脱做某事
avoid doing 避免做某事
enjoy doing 喜欢做某事
suggest doing 建议做某事
permit to do 允许做某事
decide to do 决定做某事
pretend to do 假装做某事
pretend to be doing 假装正在做某事
regret doing 后悔做过某事
regret to do 后悔要去做某事
prepare to do 准备做某事
The way to do 做某事的方法
The chance to do 做某事的机会
The opportunity to do 做某事的机会
catch sb. doing 抓住某人正在做某事
There be 句型 后面必须填非谓语 lose 的过去分词是 lost
measure 表示测量时在非谓语中为主动
词汇整理
陌生词:
retire n./v. 退休
hired v.租用,租借;聘用
excise n.税 v.切除,收税
position n.位置,姿势 v.安置
consult v.咨询,请教
run 跑,运行,经营,管理
regulation n.规章制度,管理,控制
convenient adj.方便的,便利的
major adj.重大的,主要的
attraction n.吸引力的事物;吸引力;
satisfied adj.满意的,满足的
career n.职业,事业 adj.就业的,职业的
throughout prep.遍及,到处
ensures 确保
regard v.认为,把……看作 n.尊重,敬佩
regarding 关于,至于
perform v.演出,表演;执行
survey n./v. 调查
conduct v.实施,进行 n.行为,举止
decorate v.装饰,装点;粉刷
melt n./v. 熔化,融化
opera n.歌剧演出,歌剧表演
blow v.刮,吹 n.大风,强风
bowl n.碗
change V.改变,变化
chance n.机会,时机;可能性
completely adv.完全地,彻底地
peace n.和平,太平
mutual adj.互相的
wrong 错误的
FALSE 错误的
despite 尽管
strength n.体力,力量;实力,
broaden v.增长(经验、知识等);变宽
horizons n.眼界;阅历
ancient adj.古代的,远古的
modern adj.近代的,现代的
character n.性格,品质;特色
represent v.代表;为……代言(辩护)
present n.现在,目前
province n.范围,领域;省;
silk 丝绸
mental 精神的
volunteer n.志愿者 v.自愿做
pill n.药片,药丸
drug n.药物
medicine n.药物
mainly adv.主要地,首要地
main adj.主要的,最大的
major adj.重大的,主要的;
contain v.包含,含有
custom n.风俗,adj.定制的
customize v.订制,改制
release v.释放,放走 n.释放,获释
below 在……下面
overview n.v. 概述,综述
boot 根,(系统的)引导
optional adj.可选择的,选修的
picnic 野餐
ban 禁止
unwilling 不愿意
willing adj.愿意的
media n.新闻媒体,传媒
diet n.饮食
combine 联合
surround v.围绕,环绕;
simple 简单
complex 复杂
theory n.学说,理论
predict v.预言,预计,预卜
appearance n.露面,演出;到场;外表
trousers n.裤子,长裤
tight adj.牢固的,不松动的;紧身的
champion n.冠军
Judge n,法官,v,判断
landscape n.风景,景色;
cosy cabin 温暖小屋
slope n.倾斜,斜坡
beginner n.初学者;新手
gentle adj.文静的,温柔的,(坡度)平缓的
village n.乡村,村庄;
adventure n.冒险(经历)v.大胆说出
caretaker n.看管者;看门人;守护者
race n.赛跑,速度竞赛 v.比赛
stuck adj.卡住的,动不了的
muscle 肌肉
ana log adj.模拟的
simu late v.假装,冒充;模拟
stimu late v.促进,激发
instrument n.仪器;工具;乐器
instruction n.用法说明;指示,吩咐
row n.一排,一行;
opposite adj.完全相反的,截然不同的
bottle n.瓶子;一瓶(的量);酒
remarkable 了不起
invention 发明
bacterium bacteria n.细菌
Inner adj.内部的
inside n.内部,内侧
Portable adj.便携的
Projector n.放映机,投影仪
presentations n.演讲
width n.宽度
weight n.重量
surface n.表面;水面
urban adj.城市的,城镇的
temple 寺庙
annual adj.一年一度的;
expect v.期待;预计
courses n.课程;路线
placement n. 布置,摆放;
corrections n.更正;修正法
treasure 宝藏
advance v.前进,发展,提前 n.进展,改善
official adj.正式的,官方的,n.官员,职员;
crime 犯罪
rate 比率
contribute v.捐赠,捐助;
method n.方法,办法
cupboard n.橱柜,衣柜
canteen 食堂
sell 被销售(被动),卖得好(主动)
beneath 在……下方;
measure n.措施,办法;v.测量;
hop v.单脚跳行 hopping
hop around 跳来跳去
symbolize v.象征,用符号代表
symbol n.象征,标志
symbolic adj.用作象征的,
pattern n.模式,方式;图案,花样
marketable adj.市场的,可销售的,有销路的
totally adv.完全地
process n.步骤,程序
industrial adj.工业的,产业的
competence 能力
listening (list+en+ing)听
essay n.短文,论说文
admire v.钦佩,仰慕
preview n.预映,预演,预展
essential adj 必不可少的 n.必需品
offend v.得罪,冒犯
dug v.搜寻,寻找;
词组:
three times 三倍/三次
be late for+n. 因…而迟到,做…迟到
be late to+v. 表示做这个动作稍晚
as/so long as 只要
keep away from 远离
apart from 除…之外
convert into 转化为
followed by 接着是,然后是
lie down 躺下
in advance 提前,预先
be associated with 和…联系在一起,与…有关
be decorated with 装饰着
respond to 对…作出反应
stick to 坚持
a cup of 一杯
in person 亲自
set off 出发
applied into 适用于,引用于
make a decision 做决定
as well 也,副词放句未
participate in 参加;分享
make/let/help/have sb. do
thank you for 为什么而感谢
have great interests in 对…有很大的兴趣
settle in v. 迁入
sign up 签约雇用,报名
calm down 平静下来;镇定下来
in twos 成对地,两个一组地
account for 占,解释
stand for 代表,象征
be responsible for 负责:对某事物、人的责任
as soon as possible. 尽快
in common 相同
concentrate on 专心
be harmful to 对…有害
access to 接触/进入
be aware of 意识到
in order that 为了达到某个目的或结果
be born with 天生具有
keep in touch with 保持联系
put up with 忍受
a sense of… …的感受
rely/depend on 依靠
congratulations on 祝贺某人某事
play a part in 在…起作用
play a role in 在……中起作用
to do
refuse to 拒绝去做某事
be determined to do sth. 决心做某事
has access to 有权使用/可以进入
ought to 应该,预计会
be likely to do 可能做某事
contribute to 有助于
doing
be always doing sth. 经常(习惯于)做某事
resist doing 抵制做某事
The key to doing 做某事的关键
词组:
give
give up 放弃
give in 屈服,投降,让步
give out 发放,用尽
give off 发出(光、热、气味等)
give back 归还,送回
give away 赠送,赠送,出卖,泄露
give way to 让路,让位,屈服
give rise to 引起,发生
take
take care of 照顾
take a bread 休息
take up 拿起,从事,占据
take off 起飞,脱下
take out 取出,结果是
take down 记下
teke care 小心
take park in 参加
take advantage of 利用
take in 吸收
take away 拿走
take place 发生
take part in 参加
take over 接管,移交
take on 承担
break
break out 爆发
break down 故障,垮掉
break up 关系破裂
break in/into 闯入
break through 突破
break away from 脱离,挣脱
break off 突然停止
cut
cut down 消减
cut off 切断
cut out 删除
look
look for 寻找
look into 调查
look like 看起来像
look through 查阅
look up to 尊敬
look up 查阅
look after 照顾
look forward to 期待
look over 检 查,查看
look out 小心
turn
turn down 调小,拒绝
turn up 出现
turn on 打开
turn off 关闭
turn into 变成
put
put off 推迟
put out 扑灭,生产,出版
put up 张贴,搭建,举起
put on 穿上,上演,增加(体重)
put donw 放下,记下,镇压
put away 收好,抛弃
put aside 把..放在一边,储存….备用
come
come on 快点
come turn 实现
come in 进来
come out 出版,出来,开放
come up with 想出
out
hand out 分发
work out 解出,锻炼
clear out 清除
leave out 遗留
stand out 突出
come out 出版
take out 取出,获得
gave out 分发
find out 查明
set out 出发
get
get up 起床
get along with 与…相处融洽
get through 穿过,完成
get sick of 厌烦,对…感到厌恶
get from 从…处得到
get rid of 摆脱,除去
get over 熬过,克服,恢复
get off 从..下来,动身
get out 出去,逃脱,泄露
get across 被理解,通过
get out of 下(车),拜托,从…出来
get into 对..感兴趣,从事,穿上,陷入
get in 进入,收获,收割
get down 坐下,写下,记下
famous
be famous as 作为…而出名
be famous/konwn for 因为…而出名
be famous to 对于…而出名
made
be made in 产自
be made from 由…制成的(看不出原材料)
be made of 由…制成的(看得出原材料)
be made with 用…制成
(be) make up of 组成,构成
In
in time 准时
in person 亲自
in public 大庭广众
in trouble 处于麻烦中
in fact 事实是
in all/total 总计
in general 一般来说
in this case 在这种情况
UP
set up 建立
make up 编造
get up 起床
take up 占据
put up 举起
keep up 继续
dress up 打扮
work up 逐步发展
give up 放弃
pick up 捡起
tidy up 收拾
use
get/be uesd to doing 习惯于
uesd to do 过去常常
be uesd to do 被用于做…
apply to 申请(大学,机构)
apply for 申请(奖学金,职位),应用于
Go
go ahead 前进,领先
go along 赞同,支持
go over 复习,温习,仔细检查
go thought 浏览,查询,经历
go with 与…相伴
go round 绕道走
hang
hang up 挂电话,挂起来
hang on (to) 紧紧抓住,坚持下去
hang obout 闲逛,徘徊,逗留
hand
hand over 移交,转交
hand out 分发,施舍
hand on 依次传递
hand in 上交,递交
hand down 把…传下去
in hand 在控制中 ,在手头,可以动用
on hand adv 手头现有的,准备好了
by hand 用手工;手工地;亲手地;
try
try to do 努力做某事
try doing 尝试做某事
be friendly to 对某人或某物的友好态度
be friendly with 与某人保持友好的关系
struggle to+v. 努力做某事.to 于后面组成不定式
struggle for+n. 为……而奋斗,for 为介词,后面接名词
修饰词
little 不可数:几乎没有
a little 可数:有一点
few 可数:几乎没有
a few 可数:有一点
much 修饰不可数
many 修饰可数
many a 谓语用单三
some
a lot of 可数不可数皆可
a number of 大量,非单三
the number of ..的数量
more than one/many a 单三
时间,金钱,距离 单三
have
have gone 去了,还没回来
have been 去过,已经回来了
月份、词汇与补充考点
健(J: January)步如飞(F: February),又迎来了新的一年,你妈(March)让你吃苹果(April)
妹(May)的,要喝果汁(sJune, July),哦(August)豁,要九月要开学(school,student=> September),October(⊕月);November(||月);December (enD 最后一个月)。
| 一月 | January | Jan |
| — | — | — |
| 二月 | February | Feb |
| 三月 | March | Mar |
| 四月 | April | Apr |
| 五月 | May | May |
| 六月 | June | Jun |
| 七月 | July | Jul |
| 八月 | August | Aug |
| 九月 | September | Sep 或 Sept |
| 十月 | October | Oct |
| 十一月 | November | Nov |
| 十二月 | December | Dec |
| 星期一 | Monday | Mon |
| 星期二 | Tuesday | Tue |
| 星期三 | Wednesday | Wed |
| 星期四 | Thursday | Thu 或 Thur |
| 星期五 | Friday | Fri |
| 星期六 | Saturday | Sat |
| 星期日 | Sunday | Sun |
陌生单词:
agreement n.协议,协定,契约
athlete n.运动员,体育健将;擅长运动的人
roundness, n. 圆;球形 正圆度
hardness n. [物] 硬度;坚硬;困难
industry ···· n. 工业,生产制造;
along with 随着
factories n. 工厂
dolls 玩偶
materials 材料
official 官方的
forests n. 森林;森林经济
expect -expected adj. v. 预料的,预期的
dig v.搜寻,挖,掘
stadiums n. 体育馆;露天大型运动场
elder adj.年长的
Generally 通常,一般
soldier n.士兵,军人;
fund - funds n.资金,现金,基金 v.资助
temple -temples n. 寺庙
stick -stuck adj.卡住的,动不了的;被困住,v.粘,贴;
leave -left -left v.离开
survivor - survivors n. 幸存者
rescue v.营救,援救 n.营救,救援
castle n. 城堡,堡垒;
its 他的
vice-president 副总统,副总裁
production director of the commpany
公司的产品经理。A of B ,B 的 A
direct adj.直接的 v. 把……对准;管理
director n. 导演;管理者,负责人
product n. 产品,制品;
production n.生产,制造
suitcase n.小提箱,手提箱
luggage n.行李;精神负担;
baggage n.行李;思想包袱,成见;
thunder n,雷,雷声,v.打雷
travel
journey 旅行
delicious adj.美味的
introduce v. 介绍,引见
area n. 地区,区域
afraid adj. 害怕的;担心的
special adj. 特殊的,特别的
stomach n. 胃;腹部;
theory n. 学说,理论
practical adj. 真实的,实际的;(
acknowledged adj. 公认的;被普遍认可的 v. 承认;答谢
survive v.活下来,幸存;
civilization n. 文明;文明社会,文明国家;
punish v.处罚,惩罚
injured adj.受伤的,委屈的,受到伤害的
n.伤者,伤员(the injured)
run- ran- run v.跑
dilemma n.窘境,困境
mission n.使命,(国家的)任务
词组
be different in 在…方面不同,不同领域
be different to sb. 于某人的不一样 ,强调对象。
A be different from B A 和 B 不同,强调比较性。
be/feel bored with 对…感到厌烦
put forward+n. 提出
advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
pretend
name as 以..来命名
air pollution 空气污染
have trouble/difficulty/problems/a hard time + doing 做..事情有困难
ran out 跑出 /用完
the corner 在角落
单词变形:
compete v.
competitor n. 竞争
weak adj
weakness n. 虚弱,软弱
donated v./adj. donation n. 捐赠
evolve v. evolution n. 进化
decorate v. decoration n. 装饰
difficult adj difficulty n. 难题,困难
bad adj. badly adv. 严重
deliberate adj. deliberately adv 故意
flexible adj. flexibly adv. 灵活
universal adj. universally adv. 普遍,全体·
Obvious adj. Obviously adv. 显然,显而易见;明显
Origin n. Original adj. Originally adv. 起源,起因 起初的
explanation explanatory
compose composer
decide/decisions
equip/equipment
profession/professional
strength/strengthen
popular/popularity
discussions
考点块:
确切数量: 基数词+ hundred /handred/ million/ dozen of+复数 具体几 千个
不确定数量 : hundreds /handreds/ millions/ dozens of+单数 几千个
补充:倍数表达法
“倍数+比较级”结构:A is three times bigger(形容词比较级)than B
“倍数+as…as”结构:A is three times as big(形容词原级)as B
“倍数+名词”结构:A is three times the size(形容词对应的名词形式)of B
A twice as much as B。A 是 B 的两倍
没有 as more as
阅读问答:
Why: because+句子
How: By+方式
Who: 人名
How ofen: 频率副词
When: 时间
Where: 介词+地点
句子出现过的名词,回答尽量用代词,He, She, They,it
有 why 提问,回答句首要么加 Because 或者有 to
要仔细读题目,别答非所问
句子整理:
用英文写日记-Keeping a Diary in English
advice: 不可数,advise: 可数,
on the way to + n…
on the way+adv: 在…途中
In the way: 挡道
In a way: 在某种程度上
ability to +do 来表示有能力做某事
5.It is good for parents ____________(trusting / to trust) their children.
形式主语:It is …to/that
通知
Notice
Dear XXX,
We hope everything is going well for you. Here is an important announcementregarding XXX that we’d like to share with you.
我们希望你一切都好。这里有一个关于 XXX 的重要公告,我们想和大家分享
Do you want to improve yourself and promote your … ability?please come to join us now.
你想提高自己,提升你的…能力?现在请加入我们。
时间:月日年,3 p.m.,during…,
年月(in),日(on),具体时间(at),时间段(duaring,firom..to…);小时间在前,大时间在后。
地点:从小到大排列,在..会议室(in),在..楼(on +the 序数词 +foor)
原因:给你一个句子。Because;because of; due to+ 名词;as aresult of; for;Bad weather /rainstorm / heavy rain / hurricane + is coming /is around thecomer
职位、名字:职位 +called + 名字;职位/名字+who …
要求:half an hour in advance
Again, this is very important and everyone must follow the rules.
We sincerely appreciate your understanding and support
衷心感谢您的理解和支持
格式:
- 格式:通知公告:
- ①大写 Notice/NOTICE(写中间)
- ②时间右上角
- ③有落款右下角
- ④尽量不写称呼
Notice
Do you want to improve yourself and promote your …. ability?please come to join us now.
We hope everything is going well for you. Here is an important announcement regarding XXX that we’d like to share with you.
This is to notify you of an urgent matter regarding XXX. Your immediate attention is required.
We are excited to inform you about XXX. Please see the details below.
I am the chairman …. The reason why I am writing this notice is to …..
第三段可以使用:
Again, this is very important and everyone must follow the rules.
Thank you for your attention to this notice. Please feel free to contact us if you have any questions.
We sincerely appreciate your understanding and support.
固定搭配
to do / doing 对比
| 短语结构 | 中文解释 | 对应的另一种结构 | 中文解释 |
| — | — | — | — |
| forget to do sth. | 忘记去做某事 | forget doing sth. | 忘记做过某事 |
| remember to do sth. | 记得去做某事 | remember doing sth. | 记得做过某事 |
| regret to do sth. | 遗憾去做某事 | regret doing sth. | 后悔做过某事 |
| stop to do sth. | 停下来去做另一件事 | stop doing sth. | 停止正在做的事 |
| go on to do sth. | (做完某事)继续做另一件事 | go on doing sth. | 继续做同一件事 |
| try to do sth. | 尽力做某事 | try doing sth. | 尝试做某事 |
| mean to do sth. | 打算做某事 | mean doing sth. | 意味着做某事 |
| can’t help to do sth. | 不能帮助做某事 | can’t help doing sth. | 情不自禁做某事 |
- see sb. do 看见某人做某事
- see sb. doing 看见某人正在做某事
I prefer to teach myself rather than turn to him for help. (turn)
我宁愿自学而不愿向他求助。
- watch sb. do sth. 看着某人做某事
- watch sb. doing sth. 强调看到某人正在做某事
- pretend to do 假装做某事
- pretend to be doing 假装正在做某事
- deserve to do 值得做某事
- deserve doing 某事值得被做..…
- find sb. doing/do sth. 发现某人正在做/做某事
- deny doing:否认已经做过某事(已发生) deny to do:否认未做某事(未发生)。
- allow/permit/advise/forbid doing sth. 允许/许可/建议/禁止做某事。
- allow/permit/advise/forbid sb. to do sth. 允许/许可/建议/禁止某人做某事。
- sb. be allowed to do sth. 某人被允许做某事。
- prefer A to B A 胜过 B
- prefer doing A to B 喜欢做 A 胜过 B
- prefer to do rather than do 宁愿做某事也不
I prefer jazz to (to/ than) rock music.
take turns
- take turns 轮流去做某事
take turns to do
You should take turns to play computer games.
我们应该轮流玩电脑游戏。
take turns doing
We always take turns cleaning our classroom.
我们总是轮流打扫教室。
used
- get/be used to + n./doing 习惯于
- used to do 过去常常
- be used to do 被用于做…
doing 类搭配
- It is/was useless/no use/ no good + doing sth. 做某事没有用处
- It is/was a waste of time + doing sth. 做某事浪费时间
have difficulty
- trouble ( in ) doing sth. 做某事有困难
- devote one’s energy to doing 投入精力做某事 投入时间精力做某事
- spend time doing 花费时间做某事
- insist on doing 坚持做某事:
- keep doing 一直做某事
- escape doing 逃脱做某事
- avoid doing 避免做某事
- enjoy/love doing 喜欢做某事
- suggest doing 建议做某事
- practice doing 练习做某事
- suffer doing 遭受….
- suffer from + n. 遭受….( 疾病、健康问题..)等痛苦
- appreciate doing 感激/喜欢做某事
- consider doing 考虑/认为做某事
- quit doing sth. 为放弃做某事,
- resist doing.. 抵制做某事,努力避免做某事
- admit doing sth. 承认做某事
- imagine doing sth. 想象做某事
- consider doing sth“考虑做某事
- be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事 She is busy preparing for the exam.
- be busy with + n. 忙于… He is busy with a new project.
- be well worth doing 某事值得被做
- be worthy of 某物或某事值得
- be worthy of doing 某事非常值得做
- approve of doing sth. 同意做某事
- be capable of doing 有能力做某事
- succeed in doing sth. 成功做某事
- prevent…from doing sth. 阻止……做某事
- be in with a chance of doing sth.“有机会做某事
- mind one’s doing sth. 介意某人做某事
- hear sb. doing 听某人正在做某事
- remind sb. of doing sth. 提醒某人做某事
- the habit of doing 做…的习惯
- 天气、时间允许都是用主动 permitting:
Weather permitting, the foreign guests will visit the Panda Base.
天气允许的话,这些外国客人将会参观大熊猫基地。
- Time permitting, we will discuss this later.如果时间允许,我们稍后讨论这个问题。
to do 类搭配
- It + be + adj. / n. + (for / of sb.) + to do sth. 对于某人来说做某事是……的。
- It takes (sb.) + 时间/金钱 + to do sth. 做某事花费/金钱(某人)……。
- the + 序数词 + 名词 + to do…,第几个……去做某事
- He is the first person to arrive. 他是第一个到达的人。
- it’s time to do sth“是做某事的时候了
- be + adj. + enough + to do sth. 足够怎么样做某事
- find it +adj to do 意思:发现做某事是……
- it’s one’s duty to do sth. 做某事是某人的义务
- have the duty to do sth. 有做某事的义务
- 抽象名词如 ability,opportunity,way 等后应接动词不定式 to do
- sb. be not likely to do sth.,某人不太可能做……
- can’t wait to do something 意为迫不及待做某事
- have no choice but to do sth. 别无选择只好做某事,
- keep/stay/be connected + with /to 与..保持联系
- be allowed to do sth. 被允许做某事
- need to do 必须要做某事
- have/has to do sth. 需要做做某事
- manage to do 设法做某事
- aim to do 目标去做某事。
- permit to do 允许做某事
- decide to do 决定做某事
- be eager to do sth. 渴望做某事
- guarantee to do sth. 保证做某事保证去做某事
- measure to do 采取措施做某事
- prepare to do 准备做某事
- the way to do 做某事的方法
- the chance to do 做某事的机会
- The opportunity to do 做某事的机会
- only to do 结果 …(意外)
- on the way to 在去……的路上、
- afford to sh 承担的起做某事
- sb. seem to do 某人似乎..
- attempt to do 尝试做某事,试图去做某事”,
- ability to sth. 做..的能力
- (be) expected to do (被)期待做某事、
- encourage to do 鼓励做某事
- reluctant to do 不情愿做某事
- be asked to do 被要求做某事
- be able to do sth. 能够做某事
- hope to do sth. 希望做某事
- agree to do sth. 同意做某事
- make a decision to do sth. 决定做某事
- make efforts to do sth. 尽力做某事
- invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事
- enable sb. to do sth. 使某人能够做某事
- teach sb. to do sth. 教某人做某事
- pay sb. to do sth. 雇佣某人做某事
- help sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事
- tell sb. to sth. 告诉某人做某事
- ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
- convince sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事
- allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
- encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
- force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事
- get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事
- permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
- persuade sb. to do sth. 劝某人做某事
- warn sb. to do sth. 警告某人做某事
- would like to do sth. 想要做某事
- make up one’s mind to do 下定决心做某事
- feel free to do sth. 随意/自由做什么事
其它
- in time 及时 (应 in 急及) on time 准时
- be fixed on / be focused on / focus on / be concentrated on 聚焦于…. 专注于….,
- concentrate in 集中注意力于
- congratulations on 祝贺某人某事:
- make oneself done 使你自己被…
- get sth.done 使某事被做,
- have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事” have sth.done 让某事被做
Do
- had better do sth. 最好做某事
- let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事
- make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
- keep away from 远离
In
- be lost in 迷失在…
陷入 …
- be absorbed in 陷入…
沉迷于…
- is addicted in 沉迷于
- be involved in 参与到
- participate in 参加:加入某个活动
- In time(及时)
- In person(亲自)
- In public(在公众场合)
- In trouble(处于困境中)
- ranging from A to B 范围从…到…
- Be regarded as 被视为….
For
- too+adj./adv. +(for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说 太…… 以至于不……
- Be admired for 钦佩….
- be responsible for 对…负责
- stand for 代表,象征
- apply for 申请,请求,应用
- be to blame for 对…应负责任
- suitable for + n. 适合于
- offer sb. sth. — 提供某物给某人 The company offered him a job.
- offer sth. to sb. — 向某人提供某物 The hotel offered free Wi-Fi to guests.
- provide sb. with sth. — 为某人提供某物 The teacher provided the students with materials.
- provide sth. for sb. — 为某人提供某物(The charity provides food for the homeless.
With
- be wrong with sth. 某物有麻烦(有问题)
- be full/filled with 充满,装满、被……填满:
- be satisfied with 对……感到满意
- face → be faced with 面临
- be equipped with 配备有……
- be born with —— 与生俱来
In
- be interested in 对…感兴趣
- be caught in 陷入… 陷于….
- bury in 将全部注意力集中在某事上:
- in addition to 除了……之外
- be absorbed in 全神贯注于
- in public 公开地
Of
- think of 考虑到;想到
- in spite of 尽管、不管、虽
- in favor of 支持;赞同;偏向于
- in memory of 为了纪念已故的人而做或做出的
- take full advantage of 充分利用
- be tired of 对……感到疲倦
- be fond of 喜欢,钟爱
- take charge of 承担/责任并掌控某事
- As a matter of fact 事实上
- apart from 除了……之外
- be absent from 缺席
- watch out 小心,当心
- make decision l 做决定
- laugh at sb. 嘲笑某人
- in the furture 将来
- on the Internet 在互联网上
- on left/right 在左边右边
- die out 灭绝
- As expected 正如所料
- put forward 提出
- be convenient to sth. 对某事物本身来说是否方便
- be harmful to 对…有害
- listen to 倾听
- play + a joke /trick/ tricks + on sb. 捉弄某人或对某人恶作剧
- make jokes with sb. 和某人开玩笑
- be convenient for sb. 对某人来说方便
- be convenient (for sb.) to sth. 做某事是否对某人来说方便
- It is adj. of sb. to do sth. 形容词描述人的品质或性格。
- It is adj. for sb. to do sth.:形容词描述事情的性质或特点。
- take responsibility for 对…负责
- be curious about 对……好奇
- take responsibility 承担责任
- make contributions 做出贡献
- access to 接近,进入”。
- play a role in 在..中起作用
- help oneself to sth. 自取 /自便 /随便吃 复数+help yourselves to /单数+help yourself to
- enjoy yourself 玩的开心
- Be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事
- Learn from 从句…中学习
- Learn about 了解
- Live with sb. 和某人住在一起 I live with my parents.(我和父母住一起。)
- Live on sth. 住在某物之上 I live on an island.(我住在岛上。)
- Live in sth. 住在某个地方 I live in Beijing.(我住在北京。)
- take pride in 以…为荣
- be proud of 以…为荣
- have confidence in 对……有信心 confident adj. /confidence n.
- laugh at sb. 嘲笑某人
- shout at sb. 对某人大声喊叫
- be far from 离…离
- on foot 步行
- a second time 再一次,再次,又一次。
- be name after 以什么命名
- consist of 主动 A team consisting of ten players was formed.
一个由十名队员组成的队成立了。
- 形容词短语(Adjective Phrases)
- Be proud of(为…感到自豪)
- Be thankful to(对…心存感激)
- Be hard on(对…严格)
- Be thirsty for(渴望…)
- Health condition(健康状况)
- both sides 双方
- think up 想出
- above all 首先
- right now 立刻
- take into consideration n./sth. 考虑到,顾及某事物
- make an important decision 做出重要决定
- There be 句型 后面必须填非谓语
- measure 表示测量时:
- The wall measures six meters. →measure 后面有具体长度,主动
- The height of the wall is measured.→后面有无内容,被动
- Take 类
- take out:拿出,取出
- take in:吸收,理解,领会
- take off:起飞,脱下
- take up:拿起,从事,占据,培养
- take away:拿走
- take down:记下,拆除,(取下)
- take care:小心,当心
- take care of:照顾,照料
- take measures 采取措施
- take notice:注意
- take place:发生,举行
- take part:参加(不及物)
- take part in:参加(及物)
- take after:与…相像
- take over:接管
- take apart:拆开,拆卸
- Turn 类
- turn on:打开
- turn off:关闭
- turn out 结果是,出席,参加
- turn up:开大,出现
- turn down:调小,拒绝
- Look 类
- look into:调查,研究
- look after:照顾,照料
- look down upon:看不起
- Look up 查阅
- look for 寻找
- look up to:敬仰,尊敬
- look through:浏览,查看
- look out:当心,注意
- Come 类
- come true:实现
- come out:出版,出来,(结果是),(显露)
- come up:出现,发生
- come down:下来,(降低)
- come up with:提出,想出
- come on:快点,加油(不常考)
- come in:进来(不常考)
- Put 类
- put off:推迟
- put up with:忍受
- put up:搭建,建造,举起,张贴
- put on:穿上,戴上,增加
- put out:熄灭,发布,(生产)
- put down:放下,记下,写下
- put through:接通(电话)(不常考)
- put away:收拾,整理
- put aside:搁置,暂不考虑
- Give 类
- give up:放弃
- give in:让步,屈服
- give off:散发,释放(光、热、气)
- give out:分发,用尽
- give away:赠送
- give back:归还,回馈
- Break 类
- break up:分手,打碎
- break though:突破
- break down:发生故障,分解
- break out:爆发(尤指战争、疫情等)
- broke into:闯入
- break away:摆脱,脱离
- Cut 类
- cut off:切断,中断
- cut up:切碎
- cut in:插嘴,插队,插入
- cut across:横穿,抄近道
- cut down:减少,削减,砍伐
- cut out:剪掉,删除,割去
- Up With 类
- come up with:提出,想出
- put up with:忍受,容忍
- keep up with:跟上(速度,知识上同步跟上)
- catch up with:追赶上(尤指在某种程度上达到或保持同步)
- Pick 类
- pick out:挑出,选出
- pick up:拾起,学会,搭载
- Carry 类
- carry out:执行,实施
- carry on:继续
- carry through:贯彻
- carry off:夺走
- Work 类
- work out:解决,计算
- work up:激起,逐渐产生(不常考)
- work on:从事,致力于
- work for sb.:为…工作
- work for sth.:从事….
- work as:担任
- Get 类
- get out:离开,逃离
- get out of:逃脱,摆脱
- get off:下车
- get along with 相处融洽
- get along well 相处融洽
- get on:上车
- get in:进入,陷入
- get back:回来
- Make 类
- be made of:由…制造(能看出材料)
- be made from:由…制造(看不出材料)
- be made with:用…制造
- be made in:产自
- make money:赚钱
- make up:弥补,编造,化妆 make sense 容易理解;合理的,
- make up for:弥补,补偿
- make mistakes:犯错
- Keep 类
- keep off:远离,不接触
- keep on:继续进行
- keep away:远离
- keep away from:远离
- keep calm:保持冷静
- keep sth. in mind:牢记某事
- Set 类
- set down:放下,记下
- set out:动身,出发
- set up:建立,安装,布置
- set sb. free 给某人自由,释放
- set about:着手开始
- set aside:搁置,留出
- set off:动身,出发
- Go 类
- go around:四处活动,到处看看
- go through:经历,通过
- go for a walk:散步
- go out:外出(尤指为了社交而出门)
- go on:继续
- go against:反对
- go after:追求
- Call 类
- call in:请来,召唤
- call back:回电话
- call on:拜访,请求
- call by:顺便拜访
- Bring 类
- bring out:出版,使显现
- bring up:抚养,提出
- bring about:引起
- bring in:引进,生产
- bring on:导致
- bring forth:使产生,引起
- Show 类
- show off:炫耀
- show around:参观
- show up:出席,出面
- show out:领…出去
- Live 类
- live on:继续活着
- live in:居住在
- Than 类
- more than:超过,多于
- other than:除了
- rather than:而不是
- Pay 类
- pay back:偿还
- pay off:还清,回报
- pay for:支付
- pay out:付出(钱)
- pay a visit to:拜访
- pay up:付款,全部付清
其他常见词组
- hand out:分发
- hang out 闲逛
- 外出玩耍
- leave out:遗漏,省略
- lefr out 忽略
- come out 出版
- laid out 展示
- clean out:清理
- find out:查出,找出
- shut down:关闭
- use up:用光,耗尽
- depend on:取决于
- by mistake:错误地
- on purpose:故意
- in time:及时
- on time:准时
- by chance:碰巧,偶然
- keep in touch with:保持联系
- in return:作为回报
- in turn:依次,轮流
- in case:以防万一
- on duty:值班
- be likely to do:可能做某事
- account for:解释,说明,占比
- figure out:解决,弄清
worry about / be worried about
- worry 是动词,about 是介词,worry about 是动词带介词结构。worry about:是一个表示担心的动作。
- I worry about my daughter. 我很担心我的女儿。
be worried about
- be 是系动词,worried 是形容词,about 是介词,系动词+形容词表语+介词结构。be worried about:是一个表示担心的状态,处于担心之中。
- I‘m worried about your cold. 我很担心你的感冒。
- be chosen to be+n.;表示被选为什么;
- be chosen to do 意思是被选为干某事。
- The athletes who were chosen to participate in the competition are training hard. (choose)
被选来参加比赛的运动员们正在刻苦训练。
- be qualified to do sth. 从而有资格或能力去做某事。
- As a certified trainer, he is qualified to teach these courses. 作为一名认证的教练,他有资格教授这些课程。
- be qualified for n. 有资格获得某项职位、工作、奖励或机会。
- She is not qualified for the position because she lacks the required experience. 她没有获得这个职位的资格,因为她缺乏必要的经验。
例题
Now I am ____ qualified for _____ the position because of my education background and work experience. (qualify)
以我的教育背景和工作经验,现在我有资格担任该职位。
take / bring / cut
- cut up:词性为动词短语,将某物切碎或切开的行为
- He cut up the fruit. 他把水果切碎了。
- He cut up the food into small pieces. 他把食物切成小块。
- cut out:词性为动词短语,剪下或切下某物,或停止某种活动或行为的行为
- She cut out a photo. 她剪下了一张照片。
- cut off:词性为动词短语,切断或阻断某物的联系或通道的行为
- The power was cut off. 电源被切断了。
- Please cut off the music. 请把音乐关掉。
- cut down:词性为动词短语,砍倒或削减某物的行为
- He cut down the tree. 他砍倒了那棵树。
- The government plans to cut down public spending.
- 政府计划削减公共支出。
- 1.have been in + 地点 for + 时间 在某地(多长时间)
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.
布朗来上海已经有三天了。
- 2.have been(to)+ 地点/次数 曾经去过某地,现在已经不在那里了
Mary has never been to the Great Wall.
玛丽从未去过长城。
- have (has) been to 后面可接次数,表示去过某地几次。
They have been to that village several times.
他们去过那个村庄好几次了。
- 3.have gone(to) “到某地去了”,表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。
- —Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里?
- —He has gone to the bookshop. 他到书店去了。
| take | 把东西从“这里”带走 | Take your books with you. |
| — | — | — |
| bring | 把东西带到“这里来” | Bring your homework tomorrow. |
| — | — | — |
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